MySQL用户、库、表(单/多)操作

用户及权限操作:  

管理员登录:mysql -uroot -p
用户设置密码:set password=password(密码);
查看数据库所有用户:select * from mysql.user;
查看用户权限:show grants for 用户名@网络地址 [identified by 密码]

普通用户登录:mysql -u用户名 -h网络地址 -p
查看当前用户:select user();
查看当前数据库:select database();
当前时间:now()
查看当前数据库是否是严格模式:select @@sql_mode;


创建用户:create user 用户名@网络地址 identified by 密码;
用户授权:grant all[SELECT INSERT UPDATE DELETE] on 数据库名.表名 to 用户名@网络地址%表示所有) identified by 用户密码;
取消授权:revoke all[SELECT INSERT UPDATE DELETE ] on  数据库名.表名 from 用户名@网络地址 [identified by 密码];
修改普通用户密码:set password for 用户名=password(密码);
查看当前用户权限:show grants;
mysql用户管理基础操作

库操作: 

查看数据库:
    show  databases;

查看当前数据库:
    select database();

创建数据库:
    create database 数据库名 [charset utf-8];

选择数据库:
    use 数据库名;

删除数据库:
    drop database 数据库名;

修改数据库:
    alter database 数据库名 charset utf8;
mysql数据库操作

表操作:  

MySQL支持的数据类型 
  参考博客:https://www.cnblogs.com/Eva-J/articles/9683316.html
  参考博客:https://www.cnblogs.com/clschao/articles/9959559.html 
1.数值类型(有约束条件无符号unsigned):
        int:        整型4字节  -2^31-2147483647      无符号:2^32-1
        float:      单精度浮点数4字节
        double:     双精度浮点数8字节
        decimal:     小数值
    2.字符类型:
        char:       定长字符,能表示的字符个数有限(0-255),读写快
        varchar:    变长字符,能表示的字符个数多(0-65535),读写慢
   3. 时间和日期类型:(系统内置函数now()获取当前时间)
        year:       年
        date:       年月日
        time:       时分秒
        datetime:   年月日时分秒
        timestamp:  年月日时分秒(1970-2038年之间,如果不设置这默认显示当前时间)
    4.enum 和set 类型:
        enum():     枚举,单选,自动屏蔽不存在的项
        set():      集合,多选,自动屏蔽不存在且去重

mysql支持的数据类型
mysql支持的数据类型
MySQL中的约束条件
  参考博客:https://www.cnblogs.com/Eva-J/articles/9687915.html
  参考博客:https://www.cnblogs.com/clschao/articles/9968396.html
MySQL中的约束条件(可配合使用):
    1.整型无符号:    unsiged
    2.唯一:         unique            只能约束数据类型内不能重复,但不能约束null
    3.非空:         not null
    4.默认值         default5.自增:         auto_increment    必须为数值类型,且设置唯一unique
    6.主键:         primary key
    7.外键:         foreign key
在没有设置主键的情况下,遇到约束条件为非空唯一时系统默认为主键!
MySQL中的完整性约束条件
MySQL中表的操作
  创建表:     
#语法:
create table 表名(
字段名1 类型[(宽度) 约束条件],
字段名2 类型[(宽度) 约束条件],
字段名3 类型[(宽度) 约束条件]
);

#注意:
1. 在同一张表中,字段名是不能相同
2. 宽度和约束条件可选
3. 字段名和类型是必须的

表创建语句
表创建语句
create table t1(id int,name char...);
 实例:
     # create table class(
     #     cid int primary key auto_increment,
     #     caption char(4) unique not null         #不设置非空且唯一的话按主键排序
     # );

表创建实例
表创建实例

  查看表及表结构:  

查看数据库中的表:show tables;
查看表结构:
             describe t1; #查看表结构,可简写为:desc 表名
            show create table t1G; #查看表详细结构,可加G
            desc 表名;
查看数据库表和表结构

   删除表: 

删:
    drop table 表名;
数据库中表的删除

   修改表结构(字段、约束等):  

表的操作(alter table 表名......):
    (1)改名
        alter table 表名 rename 新表名;
    (2)添加表字段
        alter table 表名 add 字段 类型(长度) [约束] [first/after 字段];
    (3)删除表字段
        alter table 表名 drop 字段 ;
    (4)修改表字段
        alter table 表名 change 字段  新字段 类型(长度);
    (5)修改表字段的类型(长度)、约束
        alter table 表名 modify 字段 类型(长度)[约束] ;
    (6)修改表中字段的顺序
        alter table 表名 change 字段  新字段 类型(长度)[约束] [first/after 字段];
        alter table 表名 modify 字段 类型(长度)[约束] [first/after 字段] ;
    (7)添加/删除外键
        alter table 表名  add constraint 名称描述 foreign key (字段) references 关系表名 (关系表内字段)
            on update cascade on delete cascade;
        alter table 表名 drop  foreign key    名称描述;
表结构修改操作
(1)创建一个无约束表t1
create table t1(
    id int,
    name char(4),
    sex enum('male','female')
);

mysql> insert into t1 values(2147483647,'yang',null);  #有符号正常在规定范围内正常写入
mysql> select * from t1;
    +------------+------+------+
    | id         | name | sex  |
    +------------+------+------+
    | 2147483647 | yang | NULL |
    +------------+------+------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
mysql> insert into t1 values(2147483648,'peng','nihao');  #超出范围之后会自动按最大值写入,enum超出单选范围自动屏蔽
Query OK, 1 row affected, 2 warnings (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from t1;
    +------------+------+------+
    | id         | name | sex  |
    +------------+------+------+
    | 2147483647 | yang | NULL |
    | 2147483647 | peng |      |            
    +------------+------+------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(2)约束条件的表格t2
create table t2(
    id int unsigned,
    name char(4),
    sex enum('male','female') not null
);

mysql> insert into t2 values(2147483648,'peng','nihao');  #约束无符号之后,超出有符号的范围正常写入;enum超出单选范围自动屏蔽
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t2;
    +------------+------+-----+
    | id         | name | sex |
    +------------+------+-----+
    | 2147483648 | peng |     |
    +------------+------+-----+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>insert into t2 (id,name) values((21474836488,'yang');   #sex二选一没给值报错
mysql> insert into t2 values(2147483648,'peng','male');        #给正确的值直接写入
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from t2;
    +------------+------+------+
    | id         | name | sex  |
    +------------+------+------+
    | 2147483648 | peng |      |
    | 2147483648 | peng | male |
    +------------+------+------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
1.unsigned、not null约束
# create table t3(
#     id int unique,
#     name char(4),
#     sex enum('male','female')default 'male'
# );

mysql> desc t3;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)               | YES  | UNI | NULL    |       |
    | name  | char(4)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | male    |       |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.02 sec)
mysql> insert into t3(id,name) values(1,'yang');        #不加sex的值会自动使用default默认的
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t3;
    +------+------+------+
    | id   | name | sex  |
    +------+------+------+
    |    1 | yang | male |
    +------+------+------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
mysql> insert into t3 values(1,'peng','female');    #id设置唯一,给了一个重复值直接报错
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'id'
2.default 、unique约束
# ip + port
# 192.168.16.13  mysql 3306
# 192.168.16.13  kugou 8080
# 192.168.16.13  flask 5000
# 192.168.16.15  mysql 3306
# 192.168.16.16  mysql 3306

# create table service(
#   id int,
#   ip char(15),
#   name char(15),
#   port int(5),
#   unique(ip,port)             #ip+port联合唯一
# );
mysql> desc service;
    +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | ip    | char(15) | YES  | MUL | NULL    |       |
    | name  | char(15) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | port  | int(5)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into service values(1,'192.168.16.13',  'mysql', 3306),(2,'192.168.16.13',  'kugou', 8080),(3,'192.168.16.13',  'flask', 5000)
    -> ,(4,'192.168.16.15' ,'mysql',3306),(5,'192.168.16.16','mysql', 3306);
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 5  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from service;
    +------+---------------+-------+------+
    | id   | ip            | name  | port |
    +------+---------------+-------+------+
    |    1 | 192.168.16.13 | mysql | 3306 |
    |    2 | 192.168.16.13 | kugou | 8080 |
    |    3 | 192.168.16.13 | flask | 5000 |
    |    4 | 192.168.16.15 | mysql | 3306 |
    |    5 | 192.168.16.16 | mysql | 3306 |
    +------+---------------+-------+------+
    5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into service values(6,'192.168.16.13',  'hha', 3306);         #重复的ip+port直接报错
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192.168.16.13-3306' for key 'ip'
3.联合唯一unique(字段1,字段2)
# create table t6(
#   id int unique auto_increment,
#   name char(4) ,
#   sex enum('male','female')
# );
mysql> desc t6;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | name  | char(4)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into t6 (name,sex) values('yang','male');         #id 自动从1开始
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from t6;
    +----+------+------+
    | id | name | sex  |
    +----+------+------+
    |  1 | yang | male |
    +----+------+------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)


mysql> insert into t6 (name,sex) values('peng','haha');         #id自动变成2
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from t6;    
    +----+------+------+
    | id | name | sex  |
    +----+------+------+
    |  1 | yang | male |
    |  2 | peng |      |
    +----+------+------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)   
4.auto_increment自增(int型且unique)
1)
# create table t4(
#     id int unique ,
#     name char(4) unique not null,             #没有设置主键时,默认为主键PRI
#     sex enum('male','female')
# );
mysql> desc t4;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)               | YES  | UNI | NULL    |       |
    | name  | char(4)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

(2create table t5(
    id int primary key ,            #设置了id为主键
    name char(4) unique not null,
    sex enum('male','female')
);
mysql> desc t5;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | name  | char(4)               | NO   | UNI | NULL    |       |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
5.primary key 约束==unique+not null(没有设置主键默认为主键)
# create table t7(
#     id1 int,
#     num int,
#     primary key(id1,num)
# );
mysql> desc t7;
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id1   | int(11) | NO   | PRI | 0       |       |
    | num   | int(11) | NO   | PRI | 0       |       |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
6.联合主键 : 约束多个字段各自不能为空,并且联合唯一
# 表2 班级表 cid class_name
# create table clas(
#     cid int primary key,
#     class_name char(20)
# )
# 表1 学生表 id name class_id
# create table stu(
#     id int primary key ,
#     name char(18),
#     class_id int,
#     foreign Key(class_id) references clas(cid)            #设置外键连接到clas表的主键cid
# )
mysql> insert into clas values(1,'');          #在clas表中创建一个班级
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from clas;
    +-----+------------+
    | cid | class_name |
    +-----+------------+
    |   1 ||
    +-----+------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into stu values(1,'yang',1);  #stu表中添加外键班级信息(在clas中必须存在,否则报错)
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from stu;
    +----+------+----------+
    | id | name | class_id |
    +----+------+----------+
    |  1 | yang |        1 |
    +----+------+----------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into stu values(1,'yang',2);  #stu表中添加外键不存在的班级信息直接报错
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'PRIMARY'

mysql> insert into clas values(2,'');      #在clas表中创建一个班级2
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from clas;
    +-----+------------+
    | cid | class_name |
    +-----+------------+
    |   1 ||
    |   2 ||
    +-----+------------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#在设置了外键之后会对关联表的数据更新、删除产生约束    
mysql> update clas set cid=3 where cid=1;       
ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`day038`.`stu`, CONSTRAINT `stu_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`class_id`) REFERENCES `clas` (`cid`))
mysql> delete from clas where cid=1;
ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`day038`.`stu`, CONSTRAINT `stu_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`class_id`) REFERENCES `clas` (`cid`))
#未关联的可以自行修改
mysql> update clas set cid=3 where cid=2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> delete from clas where cid=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
7.foreign key 外键约束(导致关联的相关数据的更新、删除操作不成)
# 表2 班级表 cid class_name
# create table clas(
#     cid int primary key,
#     class_name char(20)
# )
(1)外键关联: 表1 学生表 id name class_id
# create table stu(
#     id int primary key ,
#     name char(18),
#     class_id int,
#     foreign Key(class_id) references clas(cid)            #设置外键连接到clas表的主键cid
# )

# (2)级联更新 级联删除(# 表1 学生表 id name class_id)
# create table stu(
#     id int primary key ,
#     name char(18),
#     class_id int,
#     foreign key(class_id) references clas(cid) on update cascade on delete cascade
# );
8.外键的级联更新、删除操作(修改一个自动同步更新,删除字后默认为空)

  参考博客:https://www.cnblogs.com/Eva-J/articles/9677452.html#_label2

1、首先创建一个数据表table_test:
create table table_test(
`id` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
`name` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`name`)
); 
2、如果发现主键设置错了,应该是id是主键,但如今表里已经有好多数据了,不能删除表再重建了,仅仅能在这基础上改动表结构。
先删除主键
alter table table_test drop primary key;
然后再增加主键
alter table table_test add primary key(id);
注:在增加主键之前,必须先把反复的id删除掉。
alter操作主键
创建press表
CREATE TABLE `press` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `name` char(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ;

创建book表
CREATE TABLE `book` (
  `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `bk_name` char(12) DEFAULT NULL,
  `press_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  KEY `press_id` (`press_id`)
) ;

为book表添加外键
alter table book add constraint fk_id foreign key(press_id) references press(id);

删除外键
alter table book drop foreign key fk_id;
alter操作外键
create table t(id int unique,name char(10) not null);

#去掉null约束
alter table t modify name char(10) null;
# 添加null约束
alter table t modify name char(10) not null;


# 去掉unique约束
alter table t drop index id;
# 添加unique约束
alter table t modify id int unique;

alter处理null和unique约束
alter操作非空唯一和索引
语法:
1. 修改表名
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      RENAME 新表名;

2. 增加字段
      ALTER TABLE 表名
                      ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…],
                      ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
                            
3. 删除字段
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      DROP 字段名;

4. 修改字段
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      MODIFY  字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 旧数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 新数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];

5.修改字段排列顺序/在增加的时候指定字段位置
    ALTER TABLE 表名
                     ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  FIRST;
    ALTER TABLE 表名
                     ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  AFTER 字段名;
    ALTER TABLE 表名
                     CHANGE 字段名  旧字段名 新字段名 新数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  FIRST;
    ALTER TABLE 表名
                     MODIFY 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  AFTER 字段名;
alter表结构修改详解

  单表操作实例:  

mysql> desc staff_info;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 表重命名
mysql> alter table staff_info rename staff;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 删除sex列
mysql> alter table staff drop sex;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)      | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

# 添加列
mysql> alter table staff add sex enum('male','female');
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

# 修改id的宽度
mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(4)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

# 修改name列的字段名
mysql> alter table staff change name sname varchar(20);
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(4)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sname | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 修改sex列的位置
mysql> alter table staff modify sex enum('male','female') after sname;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(4)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sname | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 创建自增id主键
mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4) primary key auto_increment;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(4)                | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| sname | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 删除主键,可以看到删除一个自增主键会报错
mysql> alter table staff drop primary key;
ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key

# 需要先去掉主键的自增约束,然后再删除主键约束
mysql> alter table staff modify id int(11);
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | 0       |       |
| sname | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> alter table staff drop primary key;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

# 添加联合主键
mysql> alter table staff add primary key (sname,age);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

# 删除主键
mysql> alter table staff drop primary key;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

# 创建主键id
mysql> alter table staff add primary key (id);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | 0       |       |
| sname | varchar(20)           | NO   |     |         |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | NO   |     | 0       |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 为主键添加自增属性
mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4) auto_increment;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(4)                | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| sname | varchar(20)           | NO   |     |         |                |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| age   | int(3)                | NO   |     | 0       |                |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)
操作示例

  多表关系创建----foreign  key约束:

  多表关系分析: 

分析步骤:
#1、先站在左表的角度去找
是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录,如果是,则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段(通常是id)

#2、再站在右表的角度去找
是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录,如果是,则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段(通常是id)

#3、总结:
#多对一:
如果只有步骤1成立,则是左表多对一右表
如果只有步骤2成立,则是右表多对一左表

#多对多
如果步骤1和2同时成立,则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一,即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系

#一对一:
如果1和2都不成立,而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录,反之亦然。这种情况很简单,就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上,将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可
多表关系分析

   多对一或一对多:

 #一对多或称为多对一

三张表:出版社,作者信息,书

一对多(或多对一):一个出版社可以出版多本书

关联方式:foreign key
=====================多对一=====================
create table press(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);

create table book(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
press_id int not null,
foreign key(press_id) references press(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade
);


insert into press(name) values
('北京工业地雷出版社'),
('人民音乐不好听出版社'),
('知识产权没有用出版社')
;

insert into book(name,press_id) values
('九阳神功',1),
('九阴真经',2),
('九阴白骨爪',2),
('独孤九剑',3),
('降龙十巴掌',2),
('葵花宝典',3)
;
示例:一对多或多对一
多对一:其它关系实例

  多对多:

#多对多
三张表:出版社,作者信息,书

多对多:一个作者可以写多本书,一本书也可以有多个作者,双向的一对多,即多对多
  
关联方式:foreign key+一张新的表 
=====================多对多=====================
create table author(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);


#这张表就存放作者表与书表的关系,即查询二者的关系查这表就可以了
create table author2book(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
author_id int not null,
book_id int not null,
constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
primary key(author_id,book_id)
);


#插入四个作者,id依次排开
insert into author(name) values('egon'),('alex'),('yuanhao'),('wpq');

#每个作者与自己的代表作如下
egon: 
九阳神功
九阴真经
九阴白骨爪
独孤九剑
降龙十巴掌
葵花宝典
alex: 
九阳神功
葵花宝典
yuanhao:
独孤九剑
降龙十巴掌
葵花宝典
wpq:
九阳神功


insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values
(1,1),
(1,2),
(1,3),
(1,4),
(1,5),
(1,6),
(2,1),
(2,6),
(3,4),
(3,5),
(3,6),
(4,1)
;
实例:多对多
服务和机器
一个服务可能被部署到多台机器上,一台机器上也可以部署多个服务

学生和课程
一个学生可以选择多门课程,一门课程也可以被多个学生选择
多对多:其它关系实例 

  一对一:

#一对一
两张表:学生表和客户表

一对一:一个学生是一个客户

关联方式:foreign key+unique
create table customer(
    -> id int primary key auto_increment,
    -> name varchar(20) not null,
    -> qq varchar(10) not null,
    -> phone char(16) not null
    -> );

create table student(
    -> id int primary key auto_increment,
    -> class_name varchar(20) not null,
    -> customer_id int unique, #该字段一定要是唯一的
    -> foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外键的字段一定要保证unique
    -> on delete cascade
    -> on update cascade
    -> );

#增加客户
mysql> insert into customer(name,qq,phone) values
    -> ('韩蕾','31811231',13811341220),
    -> ('杨澜','123123123',15213146809),
    -> ('翁惠天','283818181',1867141331),
    -> ('杨宗河','283818181',1851143312),
    -> ('袁承明','888818181',1861243314),
    -> ('袁清','112312312',18811431230)

mysql> #增加学生
mysql> insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values
    -> ('脱产1班',3),
    -> ('周末1期',4),
    -> ('周末1期',5)
    -> ;
实例:一对一
例一:一个用户只有一个博客

    用户表:
    id  name
   egon
   alex
   wupeiqi


    博客表   
           fk+unique
    id url name_id
 xxxx   1
 yyyy   3
 zzz    2



例二:一个管理员唯一对应一个用户
    用户表:
    id user  password
 egon    xxxx
 alex    yyyy

    管理员表:
       fk+unique
    id user_id password
  1      xxxxx
  2      yyyyy
一对一:其它关系实例
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/open-yang/p/11411796.html