口令安全和资源的管理查看当前profile文件信息:
select * from dba_profiles order by 1;
口令管理风格:
FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS PASSWORD 10 --指定在锁定帐户之前试图登录用户帐户的失败次数
PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME PASSWORD UNLIMITED --生存期，过期失效 2/1440
PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME PASSWORD UNLIMITED --许多系统不许用户重新启用过去用过的口令。该资源项设定了一个失效口令要经过多少天，用户才可以重新使用该口令!
PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX PASSWORD UNLIMITED --指定需要更改口令的次数想设置此参数需将PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME置为UNLIMITED
PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION PASSWORD NULL
PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME PASSWORD UNLIMITED --登录失败后被锁定的天数
PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME PASSWORD UNLIMITED --宽限期
grant connect,resource to u1 identified by u1;
select username,account_status from dba_users where username='U1';
select profile from dba_users where username='U1';
create profile p1 limit FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 2;
select * from dba_profiles where profile='P1';
修改用户使用指定的配置文件:
alter user u1 profile p1;
alter profile p1 limit PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME 1/1440;
alter profile p1 limit
PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 1/1440
PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME 1/1440;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION vf
(username varchar2,
password varchar2,
old_password varchar2)
RETURN boolean IS
BEGIN
IF NLS_LOWER(password) = NLS_LOWER(username) THEN
dbms_output.put_line('ok1');
raise_application_error(-20001, 'Password same as or similar to username');
END IF;
IF length(password) < 4 THEN
raise_application_error(-20002, 'Password length less than 4');
END IF;
IF NLS_LOWER(password) IN ('welcome', 'database', 'account', 'user', 'password', 'oracle', 'computer', 'abcd') THEN
raise_application_error(-20003, 'Password too simple');
END IF;
RETURN(TRUE);
END;
/
alter profile p1 limit PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION vf;
资源管理:
COMPOSITE_LIMIT KERNEL UNLIMITED --混合资源累计值（CPU_PER_SESSION & LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION & CONNECT_TIME & PRIVATE_SGA）达到该参数值时会话即被终止
SESSIONS_PER_USER KERNEL UNLIMITED --每个用户名所允许的并发会话数
CPU_PER_SESSION KERNEL UNLIMITED --会话持续期间可以占用的CPU时间总量（厘秒）
CPU_PER_CALL KERNEL UNLIMITED --每次SQL调用可以使用的CPU时间（厘秒）
LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION KERNEL UNLIMITED --会话期间能够进行的逻辑读的oracle块的数量
LOGICAL_READS_PER_CALL KERNEL UNLIMITED --每条SQL可以读取的oracle块的数量
IDLE_TIME KERNEL UNLIMITED --非活动时间长度 (以分钟为单位)
CONNECT_TIME KERNEL UNLIMITED --用户可以和数据库连接的时间(分钟)
PRIVATE_SGA KERNEL UNLIMITED --表示用户私有的SQL区的大小(以块为单位)
想使资源配置生效要修改初始化参数: resource_limit=true
alter system set resource_limit=true;
alter profile p1 limit SESSIONS_PER_USER 2;
alter profile p1 limit IDLE_TIME 1;
select 'kill -9 '||spid
from v$process p,v$session s
where p.addr=s.paddr
and s.status='SNIPED';
删除配置文件:
drop profile p1 cascade;
alter user u1 profile default;练习怎样限制口令的错误次数？
怎样限制口令复杂性？
怎样使相同的用户不能创建超过3个以上的连接？审计超级用户的审计:
audit_file_dest='/u1/oracle/admin/updb/adump' --审计线索保存的位置
audit_sys_operations=true --起用对SYSDBA和SYSOPER的附加审计信息
普通用户的审计:
审计信息的保存位置:
audit_trail={ none | os | db | db,extended | xml | xml,extended }
None ：是默认值，不做审计；
os : 将审计信息记录于操作系统！windows记录于事件查看器，unxi记录于audit_file_dest所指定路径
DB ：将审计线索记录在数据库中，aud$
db,extended ：extended选项会在审计中增加SQLBIND 和 SQLTEXT的信息
xml ：将审计线索记录在xml文件中audit_file_dest参数所指定的目录
语句审计:跟踪会话的连接和注销
audit session by scott; -- 审计指定用户的连接或断开连接操作
noaudit session by scott;
audit session; --审计用户连接或断开连接操作
noaudit session;
查看审计ACTION对应的编码:
select name from AUDIT_ACTIONS where ACTION=100;
select name from AUDIT_ACTIONS where ACTION=101;
语句审计(审计create table,drop table,truncate table):
audit table by scott; --成功与否都生成审计线索
audit table by scott whenever successful; --只有成功生成审计线索
audit table by scott whenever not successful; --只有失败生成审计线索
noaudit table by scott;
audit table;
audit table whenever successful;
audit table whenever not successful;
noaudit table;
语句审计(审计DML语句):
audit insert table by scott;
audit insert table by scott whenever successful;
audit insert table by scott whenever not successful;
audit insert table by scott by access;
audit insert table by scott by access whenever successful;
audit insert table by scott by access whenever not successful;
noaudit insert table by scott;
(BY ACCESS每次都生成一条审计记录,
BY SESSION相同操作只生成一条审计记录)
查看用户被启用的语句审计的选项:
col AUDIT_OPTION for a20
select audit_option,failure,success,user_name from dba_stmt_audit_opts;
特权审计(使用了特定的系统权限才会触发审计线索):
audit create any table;
audit create any table by scott;
audit drop any table by scott;
audit select any table by scott by session;
查看用户被启用的特权审计的选项:
select privilege,user_name from dba_priv_audit_opts order by user_name;
对象审计(跟踪指定对象权限的操作):
audit delete on scott.e;
audit delete on scott.e by session;
audit delete on scott.e by session whenever successful;
audit delete on scott.e by session whenever not successful;
audit select on scott.emp by access;
audit delete on scott.e by access whenever successful;
audit delete on scott.e by access whenever not successful;
noaudit delete on scott.e;
查看用户被启用的对象审计的选项:
col OWNER for a10
col OBJECT_NAME for a15
col OBJECT_TYPE for a15
select * from dba_obj_audit_opts where owner='SCOTT';
successful /not successful
S --> session
A --> access
-- 取消所有statement审计
noaudit all;
-- 取消所有权限审计
noaudit all privileges;
-- 取消所有对象审计
noaudit all on default;
将审计线索保存到数据库:
alter system set audit_trail=db scope=spfile;
aud$
col OBJ$CREATOR for a10
col USERID for a10
col USERHOST for a22
col OBJ$NAME for a10
col NTIMESTAMP# for a28
col COMMENT$TEXT for a30
--audit session by scott;
select USERID,USERHOST,ACTION#,RETURNCODE,COMMENT$TEXT,NTIMESTAMP#,PROCESS# from aud$ where userid='SCOTT';
ps -ef | grep PROCESS#
--audit table by scott;
select USERID,USERHOST,ACTION#,OBJ$CREATOR,OBJ$NAME,NTIMESTAMP#,PROCESS#,XID from aud$ where userid='SCOTT';
--audit insert table by scott;
select USERID,USERHOST,ACTION#,OBJ$CREATOR,OBJ$NAME,SES$ACTIONS,NTIMESTAMP#,PROCESS#,XID from aud$ where userid='SCOTT';
select UNDO_SQL from flashback_transaction_query where xid='03000B0048010000';
--audit create any table by scott;
select USERID,USERHOST,ACTION#,OBJ$CREATOR,OBJ$NAME,NTIMESTAMP#,PROCESS# from aud$ where userid='SCOTT';
--audit delete on scott.e;
select USERID,USERHOST,ACTION#,OBJ$CREATOR,OBJ$NAME,SES$ACTIONS,NTIMESTAMP#,PROCESS#,XID from aud$ where userid='SCOTT';
--audit select on scott.emp by access;
select USERID,USERHOST,ACTION#,OBJ$CREATOR,OBJ$NAME,NTIMESTAMP#,PROCESS# from aud$ where userid='SCOTT';
如果审计信息记录在数据库中怎样清除审计信息
delete from sys.aud$;
delete from sys.aud$ where obj$name='EMP';
commit;
细颗粒审计:
alter syste set audit_trail=os scope=spfile;
begin
DBMS_FGA.ADD_POLICY (
object_schema => 'scott',
object_name => 'emp',
policy_name => 'mypolicy1',
audit_condition => 'sal < 100',
audit_column => 'comm,sal',
handler_schema => NULL,
handler_module => NULL,
enable => TRUE,
statement_types => 'INSERT, UPDATE',
audit_trail => DBMS_FGA.XML + DBMS_FGA.EXTENDED,
audit_column_opts => DBMS_FGA.ANY_COLUMNS);
end;
/
begin
DBMS_FGA.DISABLE_POLICY (
object_schema => 'scott',
object_name => 'emp',
policy_name => 'mypolicy1');
end;
/
begin
DBMS_FGA.ENABLE_POLICY (
object_schema => 'scott',
object_name => 'emp',
policy_name => 'mypolicy1',
enable => TRUE);
end;
/
begin
DBMS_FGA.DROP_POLICY (
object_schema => 'scott',
object_name => 'emp',
policy_name => 'mypolicy1');
end;
/练习审计scott的登录操作
审计scott对emp表的update操作！