学习分类文本
监督式分类
性别鉴定
from nltk.corpus import names
import random
def gender_features(word):
features = {}
features['last_letter'] = word[-1]
return features
names = ([(name,'male') for name in names.words('male.txt')]+[(name,'female') for name in names.words('female.txt')])
random.shuffle(names)
featuresets = [((gender_features(n)),g) for (n,g) in names]
print(featuresets)
train_set,test_set = featuresets[500:],featuresets[:500]
classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)#朴素贝叶斯
res = classifier.classify(gender_features('Trinity'))
print(res)
accuracy_ = nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier,test_set)
print(accuracy_) #0.768
#检查分类器，确定哪些特征对于区分名字的性别是最有效的
most_features = classifier.show_most_informative_features(5)
print(most_features)
最重要的前五特征：
Most Informative Features
last_letter = 'a' female : male = 39.9 : 1.0
last_letter = 'k' male : female = 31.2 : 1.0
last_letter = 'f' male : female = 15.9 : 1.0
last_letter = 'p' male : female = 11.9 : 1.0
last_letter = 'v' male : female = 11.2 : 1.0
#选择正确的特征
def gender_features2(word):
features = {}
features['first_letter'] = word[0].lower()
features['last_letter'] = word[1].lower()
for letter in 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz':
features['count(%s)' % letter] = word.lower().count(letter)
features['has(%s)' %letter] = (letter in word.lower())
return features
res = gender_features2('work')
print(res)
def gender_features3(word):
features = {}
features['suffix1'] = word[-1:]
features['suffix2'] = word[-2:]
return features
featuresets = [(gender_features(n),g) for (n,g) in names]
train_set1,test_set1 = featuresets[1500:],featuresets[:500]
devtest_names1 = featuresets[500:1500]
print(devtest_names1[0])#({'last_letter': 'e'}, 'female')
train_names = names[1500:]
devtest_names = names[500:1500]
test_names = names[:1500]
train_set = [(gender_features3(n),g) for (n,g) in train_names]
test_set = [(gender_features3(n),g) for (n,g) in test_names]
devtest_set = [(gender_features3(n),g) for (n,g) in devtest_names]
classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier,test_set))
errors = []
for (name,tag) in devtest_names:#预测名字性别时出错的错误列表
print(name,tag)#{'last_letter': 'o'} male错误 #Zachariah male对
print(gender_features(name))
guess = classifier.classify(gender_features3(name))
if guess != tag:
errors.append((tag,guess,name))
print(errors)
for (tag,guess,name) in sorted(errors):
print('correct=%-8s guess=%-8s name=%-30s')
print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier,test_set))#0.798
#文档分类
#将电影评论语料库归类为正面或负面
from nltk.corpus import movie_reviews
documents = [(list(movie_reviews.words(fileid)),category) for category in movie_reviews.categories() for fileid in movie_reviews.fileids(category)]
print('documents',documents)
random.shuffle(documents)
all_words = nltk.FreqDist(w.lower() for w in movie_reviews.words())
word_features = list(all_words.keys())[:2000]
def document_features(document):#文档分类的特征提取器，其特征表示每个词是否在一个给定的文档中
document_words = set(document)
features = {}
for word in word_features:
features['contains(%s)'%word] = (word in document_words)
return features
print(document_features(movie_reviews.words('pos/cv957_8737.txt'))) #{'contains(plot)': True, 'contains(:)': True, ...}
#训练和测试分类器以进行文档分类
featuresets = [(document_features(d),c) for (d,c) in documents]
train_set,test_set = featuresets[100:],featuresets[:100]
classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier,test_set))
print(classifier.show_most_informative_features(5))
#词性标注
from nltk.corpus import brown
suffix_fdist = nltk.FreqDist()
for word in brown.words():#找出最常见的后缀
word = word.lower()
suffix_fdist[word[-1:]] += 1
suffix_fdist[word[-2:]] += 1
suffix_fdist[word[-3:]] += 1
common_suffixes = suffix_fdist.most_common(100)#获得常见特征链表
def pos_features(word):#定义一个特征提取器函数，用来检查给定单词的后缀
features = {}
for suffix in common_suffixes:
# features['endswith(%s)'% suffix] = word.lower().endswith(suffix)
features['endswith(%s)' %suffix] = word.lower().endswith(suffix)
return features
tagged_words = brown.tagged_words(categories = 'news')
featuresets = [(pos_features(n),g) for (n,g) in tagged_words]
print(featuresets)
size = int(len(featuresets) * 0.1)
train_set,test_set = featuresets[size:],featuresets[:size]
classifier = nltk.DecisionTreeClassifier.train(train_set)#决策树分类器
print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier,test_set))
suffix_fdist = nltk.FreqDist ()
for word in brown.words ():
word = word.lower ()
# suffix_fdist.inc(word[-1:]) python2
suffix_fdist[word[-1:]] += 1 # python3
suffix_fdist[word[-2:]] += 1
suffix_fdist[word[-3:]] += 1
common_suffixes = suffix_fdist.most_common(100) # 获得常见特征链表
#定义特征提取器：
def pos_features(word):
features = {}
for (suffix, times) in common_suffixes:
features['endswith(%s)' % suffix] = word.lower().endswith(suffix)
return features
tagged_words = brown.tagged_words (categories='news')
featuresets = [(pos_features(n), g) for (n, g) in tagged_words] #['endswith(ns)': False, 'endswith(ith)': False, ...]
# print(featuresets)
size = int(len(featuresets) * 0.1)
train_set, test_set = featuresets[size:], featuresets[:size]
classifier = nltk.DecisionTreeClassifier.train (train_set) # “决策树分类器”
print(nltk.classify.accuracy (classifier, test_set))
# 探索上下文语境
# 一个词性分类器，它的特征检测器检查一个词的上下文以便决定应该分配哪个词性标记，特别的，前面的词也作为特征
def pos_features(sentence,i):
features = {'suffix(1)':sentence[i][-1:],
'suffix(2)':sentence[i][-2:],
'suffix(3)':sentence[i][-3:],
}
if i == 0:
features["prev-word"] = "<START>"
else:
features["prev-word"] = sentence[i-1]
return features
print(brown.sents()[0])#['The', 'Fulton', 'County', 'Grand', 'Jury', 'said', 'Friday', 'an', 'investigation', 'of', "Atlanta's", 'recent', 'primary', 'election', 'produced', '``', 'no', 'evidence', "''", 'that', 'any', 'irregularities', 'took', 'place', '.']
res14 = pos_features(brown.sents()[0],2)
print(res14)#{'suffix(1)': 'y', 'suffix(2)': 'ty', 'suffix(3)': 'nty', 'prev-word': '.'}
tagged_sents = brown.tagged_sents(categories = 'news')
print(tagged_sents)#[[('The', 'AT'), ('Fulton', 'NP-TL'), ('County', 'NN-TL'), ('Grand', 'JJ-TL'),...]
featuresets = []
for tagged_sent in tagged_sents:
untagged_sent = nltk.tag.untag(tagged_sent)
print(untagged_sent)#['The', 'Fulton', 'County', 'Grand', 'Jury', 'said', 'Friday', 'an', 'investigation', 'of', "Atlanta's", 'recent', 'primary', 'election', 'produced', '``', 'no', 'evidence', "''", 'that', 'any', 'irregularities', 'took', 'place', '.']
for i , (word,tag) in enumerate(tagged_sent):
featuresets.append((pos_features(untagged_sent,i),tag))
print(featuresets) #({'suffix(1)': 's', 'suffix(2)': 'ts', 'suffix(3)': 'nts', 'prev-word': '<START>'}, 'NNS'),
size = int(len(featuresets) * 0.1)
train_set,test_set = featuresets[size:],featuresets[:size]
classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
accuracy_ = nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier,test_set)
print(accuracy_)#0.740029835902536
序列分类
# 为第一个输入找到最佳标签，然后再次基础上找到对应的下一个输入的最佳标签。
# 不断重复，以至所有输入都被贴上标签。所以，我们需要提供一个参数history，用来扩展特征。
def pos_features(sentence,i,history):
features = {'suffix(1)': sentence[i][-1:],
'suffix(2)': sentence[i][-2:],
'suffix(3)': sentence[i][-3:],
}
if i == 0:
features["prev-word"] = "<START>"
features["prev-tag"] = "<START>"
else:
features["prev-word"] = sentence[i - 1]
features["prev-tag"] = history[i - 1]
return features
class ConsecutivePosTagger(nltk.TaggerI):
def __init__(self,train_sents):
train_set = []
for tagged_sent in train_sents:
untagged_sent = nltk.tag.untag(tagged_sent)
history = []
for i, (word,tag) in enumerate(tagged_sent):
featureset = pos_features(untagged_sent,i,history)
train_set.append((featureset,tag))
history.append(tag)
self.classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
def tag(self, sentence):
history = []
for i, word in enumerate(sentence):
featureset = pos_features(sentence,i,history)
tag = self.classifier.classify(featureset)
history.append(tag)
return zip(sentence,history)
tagged_sents = brown.tagged_sents(categories = 'news')
size = int(len(tagged_sents) * 0.1)
train_sents,test_sents = tagged_sents[size:],tagged_sents[:size]
tagger = ConsecutivePosTagger(train_sents)
print(tagger.evaluate(test_sents))
#其他序列分类方法
#这种方法的缺点是一旦做出决定便没办法更改，例如：如果决定将一个词标注为名词，但后来发现应该是动词，那就没有办法修复我们的错误了。
监督式分类的举例
#句子分割
sents = nltk.corpus.treebank_raw.sents()
tokens = []
boundaries = set()
offset = 0
for sent in nltk.corpus.treebank_raw.sents():
tokens.extend(sent)#单独句子标识符的合并链表
offset += len(sent)
boundaries.add(offset - 1)#包含所有句子-边界标识符索引的集合
print("tokens",tokens)#['.', 'START', 'Pierre', 'Vinken', ',', '61', 'years', 'old',...]
print("offset",offset)#offset 101797
print("boundaries",boundaries)#{1, 90116, 16389, 40968, 81929, 24587,}
def punct_features(tokens,i):
return {
'next-word-capitalized':tokens[i+1][0].isupper(),
'prevword':tokens[i-1].lower(),
'punc':tokens[i],
'prev-word-is-one-char':len(tokens[i-1]) == 1
}
featuresets = [(punct_features(tokens,i),(i in boundaries)) for i in range(1,len(tokens) - 1) if tokens[i] in '.?!']
print("featuresets",featuresets)#[({'next-word-capitalized': False, 'prevword': 'nov', 'punc': '.', 'prev-word-is-one-char': False}, False), ...]
size = int(len(featuresets) * 0.1)
train_set,test_set = featuresets[size:],featuresets[:size]
classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
res17 = nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier,test_set)
print(res17)#0.936026936026936
#基于分类的判句器 只需检查每个标点符号，看它是否是边界标识符，在边界标识符处分割词链表
def segment_sentences(words):
start = []
sents = []
for i, word in words:
if word in '.?!' and classifier.classify(punct_features(words,i)) == True:
sents.append(words[start:i+1])
start = i + 1
if start < len(words):
sents.append(words[start:])
return sents
#识别对话行为类型
#利用NPS聊天语料库建立一个分类器，用来识别新的即时消息帖子的对话行为类型
# posts = nltk.corpus.nps_chat.xml_posts()[:10000]#每个帖子的xml注释
# print("posts",posts)#[<Element 'Post' at 0x000001CDCB86CF98>, <Element 'Post' at 0x000001CDCB885CC8>, ...]
#定义一个简单的特征提取器，用于检查帖子包含什么词
def diglogue_act_features(post):
features = {}
for word in nltk.word_tokenize(post):
features['contains(%s)' %word.lower()] = True
return features
featuresets = [(diglogue_act_features(post.text),post.get('class')) for post in posts]
print("featuresets",featuresets) #({'contains(part)': True}, 'System'), ({'contains(part)': True}, 'System'), ({'contains(sup)': True, 'contains(yoll)': True}, 'Greet'),...}
size = int(len(featuresets) * 0.1)
train_set,test_set = featuresets[size:],featuresets[:size]
classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier,test_set))#0.668
#识别文字蕴涵(Recognizing textual entailment,RTE)是判断文本T内的一个给定片段是否继承着另一个叫做“假设”的文本
#如果根据前提P能够推理得出假设H，那么就说P蕴含H, P->H
def rte_features(rtepair):
extractor = nltk.RTEFeatureExtractor(rtepair)
features = {}
features['word_overlap'] = len(extractor.overlap('word'))
features['word_hyp_extra'] = len(extractor.hyp_extra('word'))
features['ne_overlap'] = len(extractor.overlap('ne'))
features['ne_hyp_extra'] = len(extractor.hyp_extra('ne'))
return features
rtepair = nltk.corpus.rte.pairs(['rte3_dev.xml'])[33]
extractor = nltk.RTEFeatureExtractor(rtepair)
print(extractor.text_words)#{'Davudi', 'Co', 'terrorism.', 'Organisation', 'fledgling', 'at', 'SCO', 'that', 'central', 'Soviet', 'operation', 'was', 'fight', 'Iran', 'China', 'meeting', 'Parviz', 'binds', 'republics', 'former', 'Asia', 'Shanghai', 'together', 'representing', 'Russia', 'association', 'four'}
print(extractor.hyp_extra('word'))#{'member'}
评估
测试集
准确度
精确度和召回率
混淆矩阵
交叉验证
决策树
#计算标签链表的熵
import math
def entropy(labels):
fredist = nltk.FreqDist(labels)
probs = [fredist.freq(l) for l in nltk.FreqDist(labels)]
print(probs)#[0.75, 0.25]
return -sum([p * math.log(p,2) for p in probs])
print(entropy(['male','female','male','male']))#0.8112781244591328
朴素贝叶斯分类器
潜在概率模型
零计数和平滑
非二元特征
独立的朴素性
双重计数的原因
最大熵分类器
最大熵模型
熵的最大化
生成式分类器（一张地形图） V.S. 条件分类器（一张地平线的图片）
e.g. 朴素贝叶斯分类器是生成式分类器，最大熵分类器是条件式分类器
1.生成式分类器建立一个模型预测P(input,label)，即(input,label) 对的联合概率
2.条件式分类器建立一个模型预测P(label|input)---一个给定输入值的标签概率
为语言模式建模