框架结构

框架结构图

爬取豆瓣 top250 电影

安装 Scrapy

pip install Scrapy

新建项目

# 创建项目
scrapy startproject douban

# 切换到项目目录下，生成爬虫
cd spiders

scrapy genspider douban_spider movie.douban.com

明确目标

在 items.py 下定义想要爬取的字段

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Define here the models for your scraped items
#
# See documentation in:
# https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html

import scrapy


class DoubanItem(scrapy.Item):
    # define the fields for your item here like:
    
    # 序号
    serial_number = scrapy.Field()
    # 名称
    movie_name = scrapy.Field()
    # 介绍
    introduce = scrapy.Field()
    # 星级
    star = scrapy.Field()
    # 评论
    evaluate = scrapy.Field()
    # 描述
    describe = scrapy.Field()

制作爬虫

使用 Xpath 进行 html 选择。可以借助 google 浏览器扩展 Xpath Helper 进行选择器编写。

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from douban.items import DoubanItem

class DoubanSpiderSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    # 爬虫名称
    name = 'douban_spider'

    # 允许爬取的域名
    allowed_domains = ['movie.douban.com']

    # 入口URL，由调度器传递到下载器
    start_urls = ['https://movie.douban.com/top250']

    # 解析方法
    def parse(self, response):
        movie_list = response.xpath("//ol[@class='grid_view']//li")
        for item in movie_list:

            # 导入items文件
            douban_item = DoubanItem()
            douban_item['serial_number'] = item.xpath(".//div[1]//div[1]//em[1]/text()").extract_first()
            douban_item['movie_name'] = item.xpath(".//div[1]//div[2]//div[1]//a[1]//span[@class='title']/text()").extract_first()

            content = item.xpath(".//div[1]//div[2]//div[2]//p[1]/text()").extract()
            for content_item in content:
                content_text = "".join(content_item.split())
                douban_item['introduce'] = content_text

            douban_item['star'] = item.xpath(".//span[@class='rating_num']/text()").extract_first()
            douban_item['evaluate'] = item.xpath(".//div[@class='star']//span[4]/text()").extract_first()
            douban_item['describe'] = item.xpath(".//p[@class='quote']//span[@class='inq']/text()").extract_first()

            yield douban_item

        # 获取下一页
        next_link = response.xpath("//link[@rel='next']/@href").extract()
        if next_link:
            next_link = next_link[0]
            yield scrapy.Request("https://movie.douban.com/top250" + next_link, callback=self.parse)

运行项目

scrapy crawl douban_spider

Note 如果出现报错，可以在 settings.py 里面设置头部信息。如 USER_AGENT 等

为了方便运行，可以创建 main.py

from scrapy import cmdline

cmdline.execute('scrapy crawl douban_spider'.split())

储存数据

储存 json

scrapy crawl douban_spider -o test.json

储存 csv

scrapy crawl douban_spider -o test.csv

Note 用 Excel 打开刚生成的 csv 时，可能出现乱码，需要将文件转码盛 utf8 带 bom 的形式。

储存 MongoDB

在 settings.py 中追加

mongo_host = 'localhost'
mongo_port = 27017
mongo_db_name = 'douban'
mongo_db_collection = 'douban_movie'

并取消注释

ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   'douban.pipelines.DoubanPipeline': 300,
}

如果没有安装 pymongo , 需要进行安装

pip install pymongo

在 pipelines.py 中

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import pymongo
from douban.settings import mongo_host, mongo_port, mongo_db_name, mongo_db_collection

# Define your item pipelines here
#
# Don't forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting
# See: https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html


class DoubanPipeline(object):
    def __init__(self):
        host = mongo_host
        port = mongo_port
        dbname = mongo_db_name
        dbcollection = mongo_db_collection

        client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=host, port=port)
        mydb = client[dbname]

        self.post = mydb[dbcollection]

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        data = dict(item)
        self.post.insert(data)
        return item

爬虫的伪装

代理 IP

申请 IP 代理。这里使用阿布云
在 middlewares.py 中编写

import base64

.
.
.
class my_proxy(object):
    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        request.meta['proxy'] = 'http-pro.abuyun.com:9010'
        proxy_name_pass = b'HwSSD7VC73K55YT1P:F121AA9B2DDA7C35'
        encode_name_pass = base64.b64encode(proxy_name_pass)

        request.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = 'Basic ' + encode_name_pass.decode()

修改 settings.py

.
.
.
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   # 'douban.middlewares.DoubanDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
   'douban.middlewares.my_proxy': 543,
}
.
.
.

随机设置 user-agent

在 middlewares.py 中编写

import random
.
.
.
class my_useragent(object):
    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        USER_AGENT_LIST = [
            'MSIE (MSIE 6.0; X11; Linux; i686) Opera 7.23',
            'Opera/9.20 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X; U; en)',
            'Opera/9.0 (Macintosh; PPC Mac OS X; U; en)',
            'iTunes/9.0.3 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_6_2; en-ca)',
            'Mozilla/4.76 [en_jp] (X11; U; SunOS 5.8 sun4u)',
            'iTunes/4.2 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X 10.2)',
            'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; rv:5.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/5.0',
            'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; rv:9.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/9.0',
            'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.8; rv:16.0) Gecko/20120813 Firefox/16.0',
            'Mozilla/4.77 [en] (X11; I; IRIX;64 6.5 IP30)',
            'Mozilla/4.8 [en] (X11; U; SunOS; 5.7 sun4u)'
        ]
        agent = random.choice(USER_AGENT_LIST)

        request.headers['User-Agent'] = agent
.
.
.

修改 settings.py

.
.
.
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   # 'douban.middlewares.DoubanDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
   'douban.middlewares.my_proxy': 543,
   'douban.middlewares.my_useragent': 544,
}
.
.
.

注意事项

中间件定义完成要在 settings.py 中启用。
爬虫文件名和爬虫名称不能相同，spiders 目录中不能存在相同爬虫名称的文件。

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