单表查询

一 介绍

本节内容:

查询语法

关键字的执行优先级

简单查询

单条件查询:WHERE

分组查询:GROUP BY

HAVING

查询排序:ORDER BY

限制查询的记录数:LIMIT

使用聚合函数查询

使用正则表达式查询

复制代码
复制代码
company.employee
    员工id      id                  int             
    姓名        emp_name            varchar
    性别        sex                 enum
    年龄        age                 int
    入职日期     hire_date           date
    岗位        post                varchar
    职位描述     post_comment        varchar
    薪水        salary              double
    办公室       office              int
    部门编号     depart_id           int



#创建表
create table employee(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15,2),
office int, #一个部门一个屋子
depart_id int
);


#查看表结构
mysql> desc employee;
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field        | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id           | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name         | varchar(20)           | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| sex          | enum('male','female') | NO   |     | male    |                |
| age          | int(3) unsigned       | NO   |     | 28      |                |
| hire_date    | date                  | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| post         | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| post_comment | varchar(100)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| salary       | double(15,2)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| office       | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| depart_id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

#插入记录
#三个部门:教学,销售,运营
insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('成龙','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),

('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),

('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
;
复制代码
复制代码

二 查询语法

SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
                  WHERE 条件
                  GROUP BY field
                  HAVING 筛选
                  ORDER BY field
                  LIMIT 限制条数

三 关键字的执行优先级(重点)

复制代码
复制代码
重点中的重点:关键字的执行优先级
from
where
group by
having
select
distinct
order by
limit
复制代码
复制代码

1.找到表:from

2.按条件过滤表记录:where(过滤的结果是一条条记录)

3.将查出的结果按条件分组:group by

4.将分组的结果再次过滤:having(与where相同之处是都可以进行过滤,不同之处是having是基于分组之后的结果进行过滤,过滤的结果也是一个个的组)

5.查出结果:select

6.去重

7.将6的结果按条件排序:order by

8.将7的结果限制显示条数

详细见:http://www.cnblogs.com/liluning/p/7490116.html

 

四 简单查询

复制代码
复制代码
#简单查询
    SELECT id,name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id 
    FROM employee;

    SELECT * FROM employee;

    SELECT name,salary FROM employee;

#避免重复DISTINCT
    SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee;    

#通过四则运算查询
    SELECT name, salary*12 FROM employee;
    SELECT name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee;
    SELECT name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee;

#定义显示格式
   CONCAT() 函数用于连接字符串
   SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',name,'  年薪: ', salary*12)  AS Annual_salary 
   FROM employee;
   
   CONCAT_WS() 第一个参数为分隔符
   SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',name,salary*12)  AS Annual_salary 
   FROM employee;
复制代码
复制代码

小练习:

1 查出所有员工的名字,薪资,格式为
    <名字:egon>    <薪资:3000>
2 查出所有的岗位(去掉重复)
3 查出所有员工名字,以及他们的年薪,年薪的字段名为annual_year
select concat('<名字:',name,'>    ','<薪资:',salary,'>') from employee;
select distinct depart_id from employee;
select name,salary*12 annual_salary from employee;

五 单条件查询:WHERE

where字句中可以使用:

1. 比较运算符:> < >= <= <> !=
2. between 80 and 100 值在10到20之间
3. in(80,90,100) 值是10或20或30
4. like 'egon%'
    pattern可以是%或_,
    %表示任意多字符
    _表示一个字符 
5. 逻辑运算符:在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not

复制代码
复制代码
#1:单条件查询
    SELECT name FROM employee
        WHERE post='sale';
        
#2:多条件查询
    SELECT name,salary FROM employee
        WHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000;

#3:关键字BETWEEN AND
    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;

    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
    
#4:关键字IS NULL(判断某个字段是否为NULL不能用等号,需要用IS)
    SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment IS NULL;

    SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL;
        
    SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串,不是null
    ps:
        执行
        update employee set post_comment='' where id=2;
        再用上条查看,就会有结果了

#5:关键字IN集合查询
    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;
    
    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;

    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;

#6:关键字LIKE模糊查询
    通配符’%’
    SELECT * FROM employee 
            WHERE name LIKE 'eg%';

    通配符’_’
    SELECT * FROM employee 
            WHERE name LIKE 'al__';
复制代码
复制代码

小练习:

复制代码
复制代码
1. 查看岗位是teacher的员工姓名、年龄
2. 查看岗位是teacher且年龄大于30岁的员工姓名、年龄
3. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资在9000-1000范围内的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
4. 查看岗位描述不为NULL的员工信息
5. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
6. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资不是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
7. 查看岗位是teacher且名字是jin开头的员工姓名、年薪
复制代码
复制代码
 View Code

六 分组查询:GROUP BY

大前提:可以按照任意字段分组,但分完组后,只能查看分组的那个字段,要想取的组内的其他字段信息,需要借助函数

复制代码
复制代码
单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组
    SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post;
    注意:我们按照post字段分组,那么select查询的字段只能是post,想要获取组内的其他相关信息,需要借助函数

GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用
    SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照岗位分组,并查看组内成员名
    SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post;

GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用
    select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照岗位分组,并查看每个组有多少人
复制代码
复制代码

强调:

如果我们用unique的字段作为分组的依据,则每一条记录自成一组,这种分组没有意义
多条记录之间的某个字段值相同,该字段通常用来作为分组的依据
 !!!MySQL 5.7默认ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY语义介绍

小练习:

复制代码
复制代码
1. 查询岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字
2. 查询岗位名以及各岗位内包含的员工个数
3. 查询公司内男员工和女员工的个数
4. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的平均薪资
5. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最高薪资
6. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最低薪资
7. 查询男员工与男员工的平均薪资,女员工与女员工的平均薪资
复制代码
复制代码
 View Code

七 HAVING

复制代码
复制代码
HAVING与WHERE用法一样
select * from employee where salary > 10000;
select * from employee having salary > 10000;

不同之处在于:having是分组后过滤,而wehre是分组前过滤
语法:having可以放到group by之后,而where只能放到group by之前
select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post having salary > 10000;#错误,分组后无法直接取到salary字段
select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;

执行优先级:having比where的执行优先级更低
select count(id) from employee where salary > 10000; #正确:where先执行,后执行select
select count(id) from employee having salary > 10000;#错误:select先执行,后执行having,所有无法统计count

#以上两条sql的顺序是
#1:
找到表employee--->用where过滤---->没有分组则默认一组--->select执行查看组内id数目
#2
找到表employee--->用where过滤---->没有分组则默认一组--->select执行查看组内id数目---->having 基于上一步得到的结果进行过滤,无法从组内组取到salary这个值
复制代码
复制代码

小练习:

1. 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数
3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资
4. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资
 View Code

八 查询排序:ORDER BY

复制代码
复制代码
按单列排序
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC;

按多列排序:先按照age排序,如果年纪相同,则按照薪资排序
    SELECT * from employee
        ORDER BY age,
        salary DESC;
复制代码
复制代码

小练习:

1. 查询所有员工信息,先按照age升序排序,如果age相同则按照hire_date降序排序
2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资升序排列
3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资降序排列
 View Code

九 限制查询的记录数:LIMIT

复制代码
复制代码
示例:
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC 
        LIMIT 3;                    #默认初始位置为0 
    
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始,即先查询出第一条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始,即先查询出第6条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
复制代码
复制代码

小练习:

1. 分页显示,每页5条
 View Code

十 使用聚合函数查询

复制代码
复制代码
示例:
    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee;
    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1;
    SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;
复制代码
复制代码
 

十一 使用正则表达式查询

复制代码
复制代码
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP '^ale';

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'm{2}';


小结:对字符串匹配的方式
WHERE name = 'egon';
WHERE name LIKE 'yua%';
WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';
复制代码
复制代码

小练习:

查看所有员工中名字是jin开头,n或者g结果的员工信息
select * from employee where name regexp '^jin.*[gn]$';
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/moning/p/7510428.html