【该系列是检讨计算机网络知识。因为现在你想申请出国。因此，在写这篇博客系列的大多数英语。虽然英语，但大多数就是我自己的感受和理解，供大家学习和讨论起来】
The free way of switching must take some disadvantages, as follows:
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1 Network Edge
The device such as computers and mobiles connect to the Internet. So they are referred as end systems(who run the application programs) sitting at the edge of the Internet. And we use host and end system interchangeably, that is host=end system which is
divided into two categories: clients and servers.
2 Network Core
Network Core is the set of router-like and the Internet that implement the network and communication. And there are two type of Network Cores: circuit-switching and packet-switching.
2.1 Circuit Switching
Circuit-switching reserves dedicated circuit for each call or communication. When there are several circuits the network will divide the link bandwidth or switch capacity into several pieces - FDM and TDM.
In fact, the resource are divided according to the amount of users or links. For details in the example below: the 24 denotes that there are 24 circuits.
2.2 Packet Switching
Users share network resources in packet-switching. And the properties of packet-switching as follows:
- each packet uses full link bandwidth;
- Share network resources;
- the demanded resources in network may exceed the available - because of the second character
- the free link may cause congestions, build a waiting queue - because the packets are put into network sharing the resources and links.
The freedom is not absolute but relative. The resources in network are used on demand. So we also use the idea of multiplexing like circuit-switching. But the difference is that each slot or bandwidth is used on demand not fixed for a particular link or
something else.
Be care of the delay affairs in the Packet-Switching Network. Briefly, transmission delay -> propagation delay.
2.3 Packet Switching versus Circuit Switching
Packet Switching allows more users to use network.
The disadvantages of packet switching.
3 Delay, Loss, and Throughput
3.1 Four sources of packet delay
1. Nodal processing
In this part of work, the router or switch is going to process the packet to be sent. It will check the bit errors and determine the output link. So the processing cause some time consuming.
2. queueing
It is the time waiting at some output link to be transmitted. The length depends on the congestion level of each router.
La/R (a is the average packet arrival rate). The more the large time to wait.
a is about input, L/R is about output. Queueing delay is effected by both of input and output.
3. Transmission delay
We should distinguish the transmission and propagation first. The transmission is the work before propagation to transmit a packet to the next link.
There usually is a defination that: R=link bandwidth(1)(bps), L=packet length(bits), the time is L/R.
4. Propagation delay
The propagation delay is actually the time during which the packet will be propagated in the network.
There usually is a defination that: d=length of physical link, s=propagation speed in medium, the time isd/s.
NOTE: in some calculation, we simply assume that propagation is totally after the transmission. But this is just fit in low-speed links(which means the propagation take relatively long time), so we have the following formula
3.2 Packet Loss
This problem exists because the buffers of processing link has infinite capacity. Packets arriving the full buffered link will be dropped.
3.3 Throughput
We first distinguish the concepts of bandwidth and throughput.
Throughput is the rate at which the bits transferred between sender and receiver. So the throughput is a abstract concept that is just the result of a real Internet.
The throughput of a link is decided by the bottleneck link in it.
4 Protocol Layers and Service Models
4.1 Why layering
1. Build relationships between the complex components of a network.
2. Modularization.
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(1) band 我看着就维基百科和联合使用的网络带宽，我觉得这里就是带宽可以解释：单位时间。通过port数据。