Elasticserch学习之搜索

检索文档

GET /megacorp/employee/1

响应的内容中包含一些文档的元信息,John Smith的原始JSON文档包含在_source字段中。

{
  "_index" :   "megacorp",
  "_type" :    "employee",
  "_id" :      "1",
  "_version" : 1,
  "found" :    true,
  "_source" :  {
      "first_name" :  "John",
      "last_name" :   "Smith",
      "age" :         25,
      "about" :       "I love to go rock climbing",
      "interests":  [ "sports", "music" ]
  }
}

我们通过HTTP方法GET来检索文档,同样的,我们可以使用DELETE方法删除文档,使用HEAD方法检查某文档是否存在。如果想更新已存在的文档,我们只需再PUT一次。

GET /megacorp/employee/1?pretty

pretty

在任意的查询字符串中增加 pretty 参数,类似于上面的例子。会让Elasticsearch美化输出(pretty-print)JSON响应以便更加容易阅读。_source字段不会被美化,它的样子与我们输入的一致。

简单搜索

搜索全部员工的请求:

GET /megacorp/employee/_search

结尾使用关键字_search来取代原来的文档ID。响应内容的hits数组中包含了我们所有的三个文档。默认情况下搜索会返回前10个结果。

结果如下:

{
   "took":      6,
   "timed_out": false,
   "_shards": { ... },
   "hits": {
      "total":      3,
      "max_score":  1,
      "hits": [
         {
            "_index":         "megacorp",
            "_type":          "employee",
            "_id":            "3",
            "_score":         1,
            "_source": {
               "first_name":  "Douglas",
               "last_name":   "Fir",
               "age":         35,
               "about":       "I like to build cabinets",
               "interests": [ "forestry" ]
            }
         },
         {
            "_index":         "megacorp",
            "_type":          "employee",
            "_id":            "1",
            "_score":         1,
            "_source": {
               "first_name":  "John",
               "last_name":   "Smith",
               "age":         25,
               "about":       "I love to go rock climbing",
               "interests": [ "sports", "music" ]
            }
         },
         {
            "_index":         "megacorp",
            "_type":          "employee",
            "_id":            "2",
            "_score":         1,
            "_source": {
               "first_name":  "Jane",
               "last_name":   "Smith",
               "age":         32,
               "about":       "I like to collect rock albums",
               "interests": [ "music" ]
            }
         }
      ]
   }
}

注意:

响应内容不仅会告诉我们哪些文档被匹配到,而且这些文档内容完整的被包含在其中—我们在给用户展示搜索结果时需要用到的所有信息都有了。

示例:搜索姓氏中包含“Smith”的员工。

GET /megacorp/employee/_search?q=last_name:Smith

我们在请求中依旧使用_search关键字,然后将查询语句传递给参数q=。这样就可以得到所有姓氏为Smith的结果:

{
   ...
   "hits": {
      "total":      2,
      "max_score":  0.30685282,
      "hits": [
         {
            ...
            "_source": {
               "first_name":  "John",
               "last_name":   "Smith",
               "age":         25,
               "about":       "I love to go rock climbing",
               "interests": [ "sports", "music" ]
            }
         },
         {
            ...
            "_source": {
               "first_name":  "Jane",
               "last_name":   "Smith",
               "age":         32,
               "about":       "I like to collect rock albums",
               "interests": [ "music" ]
            }
         }
      ]
   }
}

使用DSL语句查询

查询字符串搜索便于通过命令行完成特定(ad hoc)的搜索,但是它也有局限性(参阅简单搜索章节)。Elasticsearch提供丰富且灵活的查询语言叫做DSL查询(Query DSL),它允许你构建更加复杂、强大的查询。

DSL(Domain Specific Language特定领域语言)以JSON请求体的形式出现。

示例:搜索姓氏中包含“Smith”的员工。

GET /megacorp/employee/_search
{
    "query" : {
        "match" : {
            "last_name" : "Smith"
        }
    }
}

更复杂的搜索

示例:搜索姓氏为“Smith”且年龄大于30岁的员工。

GET /megacorp/employee/_search
{
    "query" : {
        "bool" : {
            "must" : {
                "range" : {
                    "age" : { "gt" : 30 } 
                }
            },
            "filter": {
                "match" : {
                    "last_name" : "smith" 
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

结果:

{
   ...
   "hits": {
      "total":      1,
      "max_score":  0.30685282,
      "hits": [
         {
            ...
            "_source": {
               "first_name":  "Jane",
               "last_name":   "Smith",
               "age":         32,
               "about":       "I like to collect rock albums",
               "interests": [ "music" ]
            }
         }
      ]
   }
}

全文搜索

到目前为止搜索都很简单:搜索特定的名字,通过年龄筛选。让我们尝试一种更高级的搜索,全文搜索——一种传统数据库很难实现的功能。

示例:搜索所有喜欢“rock climbing”的员工。

GET /megacorp/employee/_search
{
    "query" : {
        "match" : {
            "about" : "rock climbing"
        }
    }
}

结果:

{
   ...
   "hits": {
      "total":      2,
      "max_score":  0.16273327,
      "hits": [
         {
            ...
            "_score":         0.16273327, <1>
            "_source": {
               "first_name":  "John",
               "last_name":   "Smith",
               "age":         25,
               "about":       "I love to go rock climbing",
               "interests": [ "sports", "music" ]
            }
         },
         {
            ...
            "_score":         0.016878016, <2>
            "_source": {
               "first_name":  "Jane",
               "last_name":   "Smith",
               "age":         32,
               "about":       "I like to collect rock albums",
               "interests": [ "music" ]
            }
         }
      ]
   }
}
  • <1><2> 结果相关性评分。

默认情况下,Elasticsearch根据结果相关性评分来对结果集进行排序,所谓的「结果相关性评分」就是文档与查询条件的匹配程度。很显然,排名第一的John Smithabout字段明确的写到“rock climbing”。

这个例子很好的解释了Elasticsearch如何在各种文本字段中进行全文搜索,并且返回相关性最大的结果集。相关性(relevance)的概念在Elasticsearch中非常重要,而这个概念在传统关系型数据库中是不可想象的,因为传统数据库对记录的查询只有匹配或者不匹配。

短语搜索

示例:

查询同时包含"rock"和"climbing"(并且是相邻的)的员工记录。

GET /megacorp/employee/_search
{
    "query" : {
        "match_phrase" : {
            "about" : "rock climbing"
        }
    }
}

查询返回John Smith的文档:

{
   ...
   "hits": {
      "total":      1,
      "max_score":  0.23013961,
      "hits": [
         {
            ...
            "_score":         0.23013961,
            "_source": {
               "first_name":  "John",
               "last_name":   "Smith",
               "age":         25,
               "about":       "I love to go rock climbing",
               "interests": [ "sports", "music" ]
            }
         }
      ]
   }
}

高亮我们的搜索

很多应用喜欢从每个搜索结果中高亮(highlight)匹配到的关键字,这样用户可以知道为什么这些文档和查询相匹配。在Elasticsearch中高亮片段是非常容易的。

GET /megacorp/employee/_search
{
    "query" : {
        "match_phrase" : {
            "about" : "rock climbing"
        }
    },
    "highlight": {
        "fields" : {
            "about" : {}
        }
    }
}

当我们运行这个语句时,会命中与之前相同的结果,但是在返回结果中会有一个新的部分叫做highlight,这里包含了来自about字段中的文本,并且用<em></em>来标识匹配到的单词。

{
   ...
   "hits": {
      "total":      1,
      "max_score":  0.23013961,
      "hits": [
         {
            ...
            "_score":         0.23013961,
            "_source": {
               "first_name":  "John",
               "last_name":   "Smith",
               "age":         25,
               "about":       "I love to go rock climbing",
               "interests": [ "sports", "music" ]
            },
            "highlight": {
               "about": [
                  "I love to go <em>rock</em> <em>climbing</em>" <1>
               ]
            }
         }
      ]
   }
}
  • <1> 原有文本中高亮的片段
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/mentiantian/p/10510346.html