Django + Uwsgi + Nginx

如何在生产上部署Django?

Django的部署可以有很多方式，采用nginx+uwsgi的方式是其中比较常见的一种方式。

uwsgi介绍

uWSGI是一个Web服务器，它实现了WSGI协议、uwsgi、http等协议。Nginx中HttpUwsgiModule的作用是与uWSGI服务器进行交换。

要注意 WSGI / uwsgi / uWSGI 这三个概念的区分。

WSGI是一种Web服务器网关接口。它是一个Web服务器（如nginx，uWSGI等服务器）与web应用（如用Flask框架写的程序）通信的一种规范。
uwsgi是一种线路协议而不是通信协议，在此常用于在uWSGI服务器与其他网络服务器的数据通信。
而uWSGI是实现了uwsgi和WSGI两种协议的Web服务器。
uwsgi协议是一个uWSGI服务器自有的协议，它用于定义传输信息的类型（type of information），每一个uwsgi packet前4byte为传输信息类型描述，它与WSGI相比是两样东西。

uwsgi性能非常高

uWSGI的主要特点如下

超快的性能
低内存占用（实测为apache2的mod_wsgi的一半左右）
多app管理（终于不用冥思苦想下个app用哪个端口比较好了-.-）
详尽的日志功能（可以用来分析app性能和瓶颈）
高度可定制（内存大小限制，服务一定次数后重启等）

Uwsgi 安装使用

# Install the latest stable release:
pip install uwsgi
# ... or if you want to install the latest LTS (long term support) release,
pip install https://projects.unbit.it/downloads/uwsgi-lts.tar.gz

基本测试

Create a file called test.py:

# test.py
def application(env, start_response):
    start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type','text/html')])
    return [b"Hello World"] # python3
    #return ["Hello World"] # python2
运行
　　uwsgi --http :8000 --wsgi-file test.py

用uwsgi 启动django

uwsgi --http :8000 --module mysite.wsgi

可以把参数写到配置文件里

liu@liu-ubuntu:~/uwsgi-test$ more crazye-uwsgi.ini
 
 
[uwsgi]
http = :9000
#the local unix socket file than commnuincate to Nginx
socket = 127.0.0.1:8001
# the base directory (full path)
chdir = /home/alex/CrazyEye
# Django's wsgi file
wsgi-file = CrazyEye/wsgi.py
# maximum number of worker processes
processes = 4
#thread numbers startched in each worker process
threads = 2
 
#monitor uwsgi status
stats = 127.0.0.1:9191
# clear environment on exit
vacuum          = true

启动

/usr/local/bin/uwsgi crazye-uwsgi.ini

Nginx安装使用　　

sudo apt-get install nginx
sudo /etc/init.d/nginx start    # start nginx

为你的项目生成Nginx配置文件

1.You will need the uwsgi_params file, which is available in the nginx directory of the uWSGI distribution, or from https://github.com/nginx/nginx/blob/master/conf/uwsgi_params

(你需要创建uwsgi params文件,可用的nginx ，uWSGI分布的目录)

2.Copy it into your project directory. In a moment we will tell nginx to refer to it.

(你需要uwsgi params文件,可用在的nginx目录uwsgi分布,或将其复制到您的项目目录中。稍后我们将告诉nginx引用它。)

3.Now create a file called mysite_nginx.conf, and put this in it:

（现在创建一个文件名为mysite nginx）

# mysite_nginx.conf
 
# the upstream component nginx needs to connect to
upstream django {
    # server unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock; # for a file socket
    server 127.0.0.1:8001; # for a web port socket (we'll use this first)
}
 
# configuration of the server
server {
    # the port your site will be served on
    listen      8000;
    # the domain name it will serve for
    server_name .example.com; # substitute your machine's IP address or FQDN
    charset     utf-8;
 
    # max upload size
    client_max_body_size 75M;   # adjust to taste
 
    # Django media
    location /media  {
        alias /path/to/your/mysite/media;  # your Django project's media files - amend as required
    }
 
    location /static {
        alias /path/to/your/mysite/static; # your Django project's static files - amend as required
    }
 
    # Finally, send all non-media requests to the Django server.
    location / {
        uwsgi_pass  django;
        include     /path/to/your/mysite/uwsgi_params; # the uwsgi_params file you installed
    }
}

This conf file tells nginx to serve up media and static files from the filesystem, as well as handle requests that require Django’s intervention. For a large deployment it is considered good practice to let one server handle static/media files, and another handle Django applications, but for now, this will do just fine.

（这个配置文件告诉nginx提供媒体和静态文件的文件系统,以及处理请求,处理Django的应用。对于大型部署它是一种不错的做法让一台服务器处理静态/媒质文件,另一个处理Django应用程序,但现在,这都可以做得很好。）

4.Symlink to this file from /etc/nginx/sites-enabled so nginx can see it:

（软链接到这个文件的路径到/etc/nginx/sites-enabled，nginx可以找到:）

sudo ln -s ~/path/to/your/mysite/mysite_nginx.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/

Deploying static files（部署静态文件）

Before running nginx, you have to collect all Django static files in the static folder. First of all you have to edit mysite/settings.py adding:

（在运行nginx之前,你必须搜集所有Django静态文件的静态文件夹。首先你必须编辑mysite /设置。在settings里配置）

STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "static/")

and then run

python manage.py collectstatic

此时启动Nginx 和Uwsgi，你的django项目就可以实现高并发！