> man lvm LVM(8) System Manager's Manual LVM(8) NAME lvm — LVM2 tools SYNOPSIS lvm [command|file] DESCRIPTION The Logical Volume Manager (LVM) provides tools to create virtual block devices from physical devices. Vir‐ tual devices may be easier to manage than physical devices, and can have capabilities beyond what the physi‐ cal devices provide themselves. A Volume Group (VG) is a collection of one or more physical devices, each called a Physical Volume (PV). A Logical Volume (LV) is a virtual block device that can be used by the sys‐ tem or applications. Each block of data in an LV is stored on one or more PV in the VG, according to algo‐ rithms implemented by Device Mapper (DM) in the kernel. The lvm command, and other commands listed below, are the command-line tools for LVM. A separate manual page describes each command in detail. If lvm is invoked with no arguments it presents a readline prompt (assuming it was compiled with readline support). LVM commands may be entered interactively at this prompt with readline facilities including his‐ tory and command name and option completion. Refer to readline(3) for details. If lvm is invoked with argv[0] set to the name of a specific LVM command (for example by using a hard or soft link) it acts as that command. On invocation, lvm requires that only the standard file descriptors stdin, stdout and stderr are available. If others are found, they get closed and messages are issued warning about the leak. This warning can be suppressed by setting the environment variable LVM_SUPPRESS_FD_WARNINGS. Where commands take VG or LV names as arguments, the full path name is optional. An LV called "lvol0" in a VG called "vg0" can be specified as "vg0/lvol0". Where a list of VGs is required but is left empty, a list of all VGs will be substituted. Where a list of LVs is required but a VG is given, a list of all the LVs in that VG will be substituted. So lvdisplay vg0 will display all the LVs in "vg0". Tags can also be used - see --addtag below. One advantage of using the built-in shell is that configuration information gets cached internally between commands. A file containing a simple script with one command per line can also be given on the command line. The script can also be executed directly if the first line is #! followed by the absolute path of lvm. Additional hyphens within option names are ignored. For example, --readonly and --read-only are both accepted. BUILT-IN COMMANDS The following commands are built into lvm without links normally being created in the filesystem for them. config The same as lvmconfig(8) below. devtypes Display the recognised built-in block device types. dumpconfig The same as lvmconfig(8) below. formats Display recognised metadata formats. fullreport Report information about PVs, PV segments, VGs, LVs and LV segments, all at once. help Display the help text. lastlog Display log report of last command run in LVM shell if command log reporting is enabled. lvpoll Complete lvmpolld operations (Internal command). segtypes Display recognised Logical Volume segment types. systemid Display any system ID currently set on this host. tags Display any tags defined on this host. version Display version information. COMMANDS The following commands implement the core LVM functionality. pvchange Change attributes of a Physical Volume. pvck Check Physical Volume metadata. pvcreate Initialize a disk or partition for use by LVM. pvdisplay Display attributes of a Physical Volume. pvmove Move Physical Extents. pvremove Remove a Physical Volume. pvresize Resize a disk or partition in use by LVM2. pvs Report information about Physical Volumes. pvscan Scan all disks for Physical Volumes. vgcfgbackup Backup Volume Group descriptor area. vgcfgrestore Restore Volume Group descriptor area. vgchange Change attributes of a Volume Group. vgck Check Volume Group metadata. vgconvert Convert Volume Group metadata format. vgcreate Create a Volume Group. vgdisplay Display attributes of Volume Groups. vgexport Make volume Groups unknown to the system. vgextend Add Physical Volumes to a Volume Group. vgimport Make exported Volume Groups known to the system. vgimportclone Import and rename duplicated Volume Group (e.g. a hardware snapshot). vgmerge Merge two Volume Groups. vgmknodes Recreate Volume Group directory and Logical Volume special files vgreduce Reduce a Volume Group by removing one or more Physical Volumes. vgremove Remove a Volume Group. vgrename Rename a Volume Group. vgs Report information about Volume Groups. vgscan Scan all disks for Volume Groups and rebuild caches. vgsplit Split a Volume Group into two, moving any logical volumes from one Volume Group to another by moving entire Physical Volumes. lvchange Change attributes of a Logical Volume. lvconvert Convert a Logical Volume from linear to mirror or snapshot. lvcreate Create a Logical Volume in an existing Volume Group. lvdisplay Display attributes of a Logical Volume. lvextend Extend the size of a Logical Volume. lvmconfig Display the configuration information after loading lvm.conf(5) and any other configuration files. lvmdiskscan Scan for all devices visible to LVM2. lvmdump Create lvm2 information dumps for diagnostic purposes. lvreduce Reduce the size of a Logical Volume. lvremove Remove a Logical Volume. lvrename Rename a Logical Volume. lvresize Resize a Logical Volume. lvs Report information about Logical Volumes. lvscan Scan (all disks) for Logical Volumes. The following LVM1 commands are not implemented in LVM2: lvmchange, lvmsadc, lvmsar, pvdata. For performance metrics, use dmstats(8) or to manipulate the kernel device-mapper driver used by LVM2 directly, use dmsetup(8). VALID NAMES The valid characters for VG and LV names are: a-z A-Z 0-9 + _ . - VG names cannot begin with a hyphen. The name of a new LV also cannot begin with a hyphen. However, if the configuration setting metadata/record_lvs_history is enabled then an LV name with a hyphen as a prefix indi‐ cates that, although the LV was removed, it is still being tracked because it forms part of the history of at least one LV that is still present. This helps to record the ancestry of thin snapshots even after some links in the chain have been removed. A reference to the historical LV 'lvol1' in VG 'vg00' would be 'vg00/-lvol1' or just '-lvol1' if the VG is already set. (The latter form must be preceded by '--' to ter‐ minate command line option processing before reaching this argument.) There are also various reserved names that are used internally by lvm that can not be used as LV or VG names. A VG cannot be called anything that exists in /dev/ at the time of creation, nor can it be called '.' or '..'. An LV cannot be called '.', '..', 'snapshot' or 'pvmove'. The LV name may also not contain any of the following strings: '_cdata', '_cmeta', '_corig', '_mlog', '_mimage', '_pmspare', '_rimage', '_rmeta', '_tdata', '_tmeta' or '_vorigin'. A directory bearing the name of each Volume Group is created under /dev when any of its Logical Volumes are activated. Each active Logical Volume is accessible from this directory as a symbolic link leading to a device node. Links or nodes in /dev/mapper are intended only for internal use and the precise format and escaping might change between releases and distributions. Other software and scripts should use the /dev/VolumeGroupName/LogicalVolumeName format to reduce the chance of needing amend‐ ment when the software is updated. Should you need to process the node names in /dev/mapper, you may use dmsetup splitname to separate out the original VG, LV and internal layer names. UNIQUE NAMES VG names should be unique. vgcreate will produce an error if the specified VG name matches an existing VG name. However, there are cases where different VGs with the same name can appear to LVM, e.g. after moving disks or changing filters. When VGs with the same name exist, commands operating on all VGs will include all of the VGs with the same name. If the ambiguous VG name is specified on the command line, the command will produce an error. The error states that multiple VGs exist with the specified name. To process one of the VGs specifically, the --select option should be used with the UUID of the intended VG: '--select vg_uuid=<uuid>'. An exception is if all but one of the VGs with the shared name is foreign (see lvmsystemid(7).) In this case, the one VG that is not foreign is assumed to be the intended VG and is processed. LV names are unique within a VG. The name of an historical LV cannot be reused until the historical LV has itself been removed or renamed. ALLOCATION When an operation needs to allocate Physical Extents for one or more Logical Volumes, the tools proceed as follows: First of all, they generate the complete set of unallocated Physical Extents in the Volume Group. If any ranges of Physical Extents are supplied at the end of the command line, only unallocated Physical Extents within those ranges on the specified Physical Volumes are considered. Then they try each allocation policy in turn, starting with the strictest policy (contiguous) and ending with the allocation policy specified using --alloc or set as the default for the particular Logical Volume or Vol‐ ume Group concerned. For each policy, working from the lowest-numbered Logical Extent of the empty Logical Volume space that needs to be filled, they allocate as much space as possible according to the restrictions imposed by the policy. If more space is needed, they move on to the next policy. The restrictions are as follows: Contiguous requires that the physical location of any Logical Extent that is not the first Logical Extent of a Logical Volume is adjacent to the physical location of the Logical Extent immediately preceding it. Cling requires that the Physical Volume used for any Logical Extent to be added to an existing Logical Volume is already in use by at least one Logical Extent earlier in that Logical Volume. If the configuration param‐ eter allocation/cling_tag_list is defined, then two Physical Volumes are considered to match if any of the listed tags is present on both Physical Volumes. This allows groups of Physical Volumes with similar proper‐ ties (such as their physical location) to be tagged and treated as equivalent for allocation purposes. When a Logical Volume is striped or mirrored, the above restrictions are applied independently to each stripe or mirror image (leg) that needs space. Normal will not choose a Physical Extent that shares the same Physical Volume as a Logical Extent already allocated to a parallel Logical Volume (i.e. a different stripe or mirror image/leg) at the same offset within that parallel Logical Volume. When allocating a mirror log at the same time as Logical Volumes to hold the mirror data, Normal will first try to select different Physical Volumes for the log and the data. If that's not possible and the alloca‐ tion/mirror_logs_require_separate_pvs configuration parameter is set to 0, it will then allow the log to share Physical Volume(s) with part of the data. When allocating thin pool metadata, similar considerations to those of a mirror log in the last paragraph apply based on the value of the allocation/thin_pool_metadata_require_separate_pvs configuration parameter. If you rely upon any layout behaviour beyond that documented here, be aware that it might change in future versions of the code. For example, if you supply on the command line two empty Physical Volumes that have an identical number of free Physical Extents available for allocation, the current code considers using each of them in the order they are listed, but there is no guarantee that future releases will maintain that property. If it is impor‐ tant to obtain a specific layout for a particular Logical Volume, then you should build it up through a sequence of lvcreate(8) and lvconvert(8) steps such that the restrictions described above applied to each step leave the tools no discretion over the layout. To view the way the allocation process currently works in any specific case, read the debug logging output, for example by adding -vvvv to a command. LOGICAL VOLUME TYPES Some logical volume types are simple to create and can be done with a single lvcreate(8) command. The linear and striped logical volume types are an example of this. Other logical volume types may require more than one command to create. The cache (lvmcache(7)) and thin provisioning (lvmthin(7)) types are examples of this. DIAGNOSTICS All tools return a status code of zero on success or non-zero on failure. The non-zero codes distinguish only between the broad categories of unrecognised commands, problems processing the command line arguments and any other failures. As LVM remains under active development, the code used in a specific case occasion‐ ally changes between releases. Message text may also change. ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES HOME Directory containing .lvm_history if the internal readline shell is invoked. LVM_OUT_FD File descriptor to use for common output from LVM commands. LVM_ERR_FD File descriptor to use for error output from LVM commands. LVM_REPORT_FD File descriptor to use for report output from LVM commands. LVM_COMMAND_PROFILE Name of default command profile to use for LVM commands. This profile is overriden by direct use of --commandprofile command line option. LVM_RUN_BY_DMEVENTD This variable is normally set by dmeventd plugin to inform lvm2 command it is running from dmeventd plugin so lvm2 takes some extra action to avoid comunication and deadlocks with dmeventd. LVM_SYSTEM_DIR Directory containing lvm.conf(5) and other LVM system files. Defaults to "/etc/lvm". LVM_SUPPRESS_FD_WARNINGS Suppress warnings about unexpected file descriptors passed into LVM. LVM_VG_NAME The Volume Group name that is assumed for any reference to a Logical Volume that doesn't specify a path. Not set by default. LVM_LVMETAD_PIDFILE Path to the file that stores the lvmetad process ID. LVM_LVMETAD_SOCKET Path to the socket used to communicate with lvmetad. LVM_LVMPOLLD_PIDFILE Path to the file that stores the lvmpolld process ID. LVM_LVMPOLLD_SOCKET Path to the socket used to communicate with lvmpolld.. LVM_LOG_FILE_EPOCH A string of up to 32 letters appended to the log filename and followed by the process ID and a startup timestamp using this format string "_%s_%d_%llu". When set, each process logs to a separate file. LVM_LOG_FILE_MAX_LINES If more than this number of lines are sent to the log file, the command gets aborted. Automated tests use this to terminate looping commands. LVM_EXPECTED_EXIT_STATUS The status anticipated when the process exits. Use ">N" to match any status greater than N. If the actual exit status matches and a log file got produced, it is deleted. LVM_LOG_FILE_EPOCH and LVM_EXPECTED_EXIT_STATUS together allow automated test scripts to discard uninteresting log data. LVM_SUPPRESS_LOCKING_FAILURE_MESSAGES Used to suppress warning messages when the configured locking is known to be unavailable. DM_ABORT_ON_INTERNAL_ERRORS Abort processing if the code detects a non-fatal internal error. DM_DISABLE_UDEV Avoid interaction with udev. LVM will manage the relevant nodes in /dev directly. FILES /etc/lvm/lvm.conf $HOME/.lvm_history SEE ALSO lvm(8) lvm.conf(5) lvmconfig(8) pvchange(8) pvck(8) pvcreate(8) pvdisplay(8) pvmove(8) pvremove(8) pvresize(8) pvs(8) pvscan(8) vgcfgbackup(8) vgcfgrestore(8) vgchange(8) vgck(8) vgcreate(8) vgconvert(8) vgdisplay(8) vgexport(8) vgextend(8) vgimport(8) vgimportclone(8) vgmerge(8) vgmknodes(8) vgreduce(8) vgremove(8) vgrename(8) vgs(8) vgscan(8) vgsplit(8) lvcreate(8) lvchange(8) lvconvert(8) lvdisplay(8) lvextend(8) lvreduce(8) lvremove(8) lvrename(8) lvresize(8) lvs(8) lvscan(8) lvm-fullreport(8) lvm-lvpoll(8) lvm2-activation-generator(8) blkdeactivate(8) lvmdump(8) dmeventd(8) lvmetad(8) lvmpolld(8) lvmlockd(8) lvmlockctl(8) clvmd(8) cmirrord(8) lvmdbusd(8) lvmsystemid(7) lvmreport(7) lvmraid(7) lvmthin(7) lvmcache(7) dmsetup(8), dmstats(8), readline(3) Red Hat, Inc. LVM TOOLS 2.02.171(2)-RHEL7 (2017-05-03) LVM(8)