Django-restframework

今日内容概要：

　　1.restful api

　　2.django rest frame work框架

　　　- 认证

　　 - 权限

　　　- 访问频率限制

- 版本

- 解析器

- 序列化

- 分页

- 视图

- 路由

- 渲染器(一般不用)

之前知识点复习:

　　1.在django中如果header里的content-type = application/json,django的视图里通过request.post获取不到值,需要通过request.body获取json传过来的值

　　2.关于跨域问题:

　　　　1.同源策略：

只有当协议、端口、和域名都相同的页面，则两个页面具有相同的源。只要网站的 协议名protocol、 主机host、 端口号port 这三个中的任意一个不同，网站间的数据请求与传输便构成了跨域调用，会受到同源策略的限制。 
 同源策略限制从一个源加载的文档或脚本如何与来自另一个源的资源进行交互。这是一个用于隔离潜在恶意文件的关键的安全机制。浏览器的同源策略，出于防范跨站脚本的攻击，禁止客户端脚本（如 JavaScript）对不同域的服务进行跨站调用（通常指使用XMLHttpRequest请求）。

　　　解决办法

　　　　1.使用ajax的jsonp 只能应用get请求

　　　　2.使用jquery的jsonp插件请求方式不只局限于get请求，还可以是post请求，但从服务器从获取的数据依然是jsonp格式

　　　　3.cors

　　　　浏览器将CORS请求分成两类：简单请求（simple request）和非简单请求（not-so-simple request).

　　　　满足简单请求的方法:

（1) 请求方法是以下三种方法之一：
    HEAD
    GET
    POST
（2）HTTP的头信息不超出以下几种字段：
    Accept
    Accept-Language
    Content-Language
    Last-Event-ID
    Content-Type：只限于三个值application/x-www-form-urlencoded、multipart/form-data、text/plain

对于简单请求，浏览器直接发出CORS请求。具体来说，就是在头信息之中，增加一个Origin字段。
下面是一个例子，浏览器发现这次跨源AJAX请求是简单请求，就自动在头信息之中，添加一个Origin字段。

#简单请求,经过cors后效果
GET /cors HTTP/1.1
Origin: http://api.bob.com
Host: api.alice.com
Accept-Language: en-US
Connection: keep-alive
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0...

　　非简单请求:

非简单请求是那种对服务器有特殊要求的请求，比如请求方法是PUT或DELETE，或者Content-Type字段的类型是application/json。

非简单请求的CORS请求，会在正式通信之前，增加一次HTTP查询请求，称为"预检"请求（preflight）。

浏览器先询问服务器，当前网页所在的域名是否在服务器的许可名单之中，以及可以使用哪些HTTP动词和头信息字段。只有得到肯定答复，浏览器才会发出正式的XMLHttpRequest请求，否则就报错。

　下面是一波javascript代码:

var url = 'http://api.test.com/cors';
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.open('PUT', url, true);
xhr.setRequestHeader('X-Custom-Header', 'value');
xhr.send();

　　上面代码中，HTTP请求的方法是PUT，并且发送一个自定义头信息X-Custom-Header。浏览器发现，这是一个非简单请求，就自动发出一个"预检"请求，要求服务器确认可以这样请求。下面是这个"预检"请求的HTTP头信息。

OPTIONS /cors HTTP/1.1
Origin: http://api.bob.com
Access-Control-Request-Method: PUT
Access-Control-Request-Headers: X-Custom-Header
Host: api.alice.com
Accept-Language: en-US
Connection: keep-alive
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0...

"预检"请求用的请求方法是OPTIONS，表示这个请求是用来询问的。头信息里面，关键字段是Origin，表示请求来自哪个源。

　　除了Origin字段，"预检"请求的头信息包括两个特殊字段。

　　（1）Access-Control-Request-Method

　　该字段是必须的，用来列出浏览器的CORS请求会用到哪些HTTP方法，上例是PUT。

　　（2）Access-Control-Request-Headers

　　该字段是一个逗号分隔的字符串，指定浏览器CORS请求会额外发送的头信息字段，上例是X-Custom-Header。

预检请求回应:

　　服务器收到"预检"请求以后，检查了Origin、Access-Control-Request-Method和Access-Control-Request-Headers字段以后，确认允许跨源请求，就可以做出回应。

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Mon, 01 Dec 2008 01:15:39 GMT
Server: Apache/2.0.61 (Unix)
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: http://api.bob.com
Access-Control-Allow-Methods: GET, POST, PUT
Access-Control-Allow-Headers: X-Custom-Header
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Content-Encoding: gzip
Content-Length: 0
Keep-Alive: timeout=2, max=100
Connection: Keep-Alive
Content-Type: text/plain

　上面的HTTP回应中，关键的是Access-Control-Allow-Origin字段，表示http://api.bob.com可以请求数据。该字段也可以设为星号，表示同意任意跨源请求。

Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *

　　如果浏览器否定了"预检"请求，会返回一个正常的HTTP回应，但是没有任何CORS相关的头信息字段。这时，浏览器就会认定，服务器不同意预检请求，因此触发一个错误，被XMLHttpRequest对象的onerror回调函数捕获。控制台会打印出如下的报错信息。

XMLHttpRequest cannot load http://api.alice.com.
Origin http://api.bob.com is not allowed by Access-Control-Allow-Origin.

　　服务器回应的其他CORS相关字段如下。

Access-Control-Allow-Methods: GET, POST, PUT
Access-Control-Allow-Headers: X-Custom-Header
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
Access-Control-Max-Age: 1728000

　　cors请求原理图:

　　　　浏览器和服务器

　　这样cors遇到复杂请求,就会向后段发送两次请求

　　3.django设置model表时候的设置choice字段,

　　　　food_choices = ((1,"苹果"),(2,"鸭梨"))

　　　　food_type = models.IntegerField(choices=food_choices,default=1)

　　在查询的时候,默认food_type是一个id,如何从foot_type获取值？

　　　　model.Food.first().get_food_type_display 返回choices的内容

　　4.复习面向对象的封装

request = 请求相关所有的数据
#在原有request对象的基础上封装了更多方法和属性
class NewRequest(object):
    def __init__(self, req, parser, auth):
        self._request = req
        self.parser = parser
        self.auth = auth


obj = NewRequest(request, 'x1', 'x2')
obj.parser
obj.auth
obj._request
obj._request.POST

　　5.列表生成式

　　　　v = [ i for i in range(10)]

示例：
class Auth1:
    pass


class Auth2:
    pass

class Foo(object):
    cls_list = [Auth1, Auth2]

    def get_cls_list_obj(self):
        # return [Auth1(),Auth2() ]
        return [cl() for cl in self.cls_list] #返回的是一堆对象的列表

obj = Foo()
ret = obj.get_cls_list_obj()
print(ret)

　　6.给你一个字符串 "utils.auth.Auth"，帮我找到Auth类，并实例化。

　　　　通过importlib(import_module(xxx)) --> 反射,执行

　　 7.django可以连接memcache和redis做缓存,连接redis需要安装一个django-redis

一、什么是接口?

　　基于cbv实现接口

urls里:

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
    url(r'user/$',views.UserView.as_view())
]

views里:

from django.shortcuts import render,redirect,HttpResponse
from django.views import View
from .models import UserInfo


class UserView(View):
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        return HttpResponse("get.method")

    def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        return HttpResponse("post.method")

遇到返回json格式出现中文,如何显示正常结果?

class UserView(View):
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        result = {
            "status":True,
            "data":"我是中文",
        }
        # return JsonResponse(result,json_dumps_params={'ensure_ascii':False}) #django自带的jsonResponse原理同样是json.dumps
        return HttpResponse(json.dumps(result,ensure_ascii=False))

通过源码查看jsonResponse的实现

class JsonResponse(HttpResponse):
    def __init__(self, data, encoder=DjangoJSONEncoder, safe=True,
                 json_dumps_params=None, **kwargs):
        if safe and not isinstance(data, dict):
            raise TypeError(
                'In order to allow non-dict objects to be serialized set the '
                'safe parameter to False.'
            )
        if json_dumps_params is None:
            json_dumps_params = {}
            
        设置了个content_type为json
        kwargs.setdefault('content_type', 'application/json')

        #json.dumps序列化
        data = json.dumps(data, cls=encoder, **json_dumps_params) 
        super(JsonResponse, self).__init__(content=data, **kwargs)

通过源码分析view里调用dispatch方法

#执行过程: url --> as_view() --> View类里找as_view方法 

@classonlymethod
def as_view(cls, **initkwargs):
    """
    Main entry point for a request-response process.
    """
    for key in initkwargs:
        if key in cls.http_method_names:
            raise TypeError("You tried to pass in the %s method name as a "
                            "keyword argument to %s(). Don't do that."
                            % (key, cls.__name__))
        if not hasattr(cls, key):
            raise TypeError("%s() received an invalid keyword %r. as_view "
                            "only accepts arguments that are already "
                            "attributes of the class." % (cls.__name__, key))

    #装饰器最终返回self.dispatch 进行执行,这个self为cbv里面类的名字
    def view(request, *args, **kwargs):
        self = cls(**initkwargs)
        if hasattr(self, 'get') and not hasattr(self, 'head'):
            self.head = self.get
        self.request = request
        self.args = args
        self.kwargs = kwargs
        return self.dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
    view.view_class = cls
    view.view_initkwargs = initkwargs

    # take name and docstring from class
    update_wrapper(view, cls, updated=())

    # and possible attributes set by decorators
    # like csrf_exempt from dispatch
    update_wrapper(view, cls.dispatch, assigned=())
    return view

分析原生dispatch里的流程

#view里面支持如下8种方法
http_method_names = ['get', 'post', 'put', 'patch', 'delete', 'head', 'options', 'trace']

def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
	#这里的原理是获取请求method,与当前类的方法进行反射,最后执行该反射结果
    if request.method.lower() in self.http_method_names:
        handler = getattr(self, request.method.lower(), self.http_method_not_allowed)
    else:
        handler = self.http_method_not_allowed
    return handler(request, *args, **kwargs)



def http_method_not_allowed(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
    #如果不在上述8种方法里,返回405,method error
    logger.warning(
        'Method Not Allowed (%s): %s', request.method, request.path,
        extra={'status_code': 405, 'request': request}
    )
    return http.HttpResponseNotAllowed(self._allowed_methods())

二、restful api 设置模式(可以不遵循,建议值)

API与用户的通信协议，总是使用HTTPs协议。
域名 
	https://api.example.com        尽量将API部署在专用域名（会存在跨域问题）
	https://example.org/api/       API很简单

版本
	URL，如：https://api.example.com/v1/

路径
	视网络上任何东西都是资源，均使用名词表示（可复数）
	https://api.example.com/v1/zoos
	https://api.example.com/v1/animals
	https://api.example.com/v1/employees
method 
	GET      ：从服务器取出资源（一项或多项）
	POST    ：在服务器新建一个资源
	PUT      ：在服务器更新资源（客户端提供改变后的完整资源）
	PATCH  ：在服务器更新资源（客户端提供改变的属性）
	DELETE ：从服务器删除资源

过滤，通过在url上传参的形式传递搜索条件
	https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?limit=10：指定返回记录的数量
	https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?offset=10：指定返回记录的开始位置
	https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?page=2&per_page=100：指定第几页，以及每页的记录数
	https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?sortby=name&order=asc：指定返回结果按照哪个属性排序，以及排序顺序
	https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?animal_type_id=1：指定筛选条件

状态码
	OK - [GET]：服务器成功返回用户请求的数据，该操作是幂等的（Idempotent）。
	CREATED - [POST/PUT/PATCH]：用户新建或修改数据成功。
	Accepted - [*]：表示一个请求已经进入后台排队（异步任务）
	NO CONTENT - [DELETE]：用户删除数据成功。
	INVALID REQUEST - [POST/PUT/PATCH]：用户发出的请求有错误，服务器没有进行新建或修改数据的操作，该操作是幂等的。
	Unauthorized - [*]：表示用户没有权限（令牌、用户名、密码错误）。
	Forbidden - [*] 表示用户得到授权（与401错误相对），但是访问是被禁止的。
	NOT FOUND - [*]：用户发出的请求针对的是不存在的记录，服务器没有进行操作，该操作是幂等的。
	Not Acceptable - [GET]：用户请求的格式不可得（比如用户请求JSON格式，但是只有XML格式）。
	Gone -[GET]：用户请求的资源被永久删除，且不会再得到的。
	Unprocesable entity - [POST/PUT/PATCH] 当创建一个对象时，发生一个验证错误。
	INTERNAL SERVER ERROR - [*]：服务器发生错误，用户将无法判断发出的请求是否成功。

	更多看这里：http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html

错误处理，状态码是4xx时，应返回错误信息，error当做key。
	{
	    error: "Invalid API key"
	}
返回结果,针对不同操作，服务器向用户返回的结果应该符合以下规范。
	GET /collection：返回资源对象的列表（数组）
	GET /collection/resource：返回单个资源对象
	POST /collection：返回新生成的资源对象
	PUT /collection/resource：返回完整的资源对象
	PATCH /collection/resource：返回完整的资源对象
	DELETE /collection/resource：返回一个空文档
	
Hypermedia API，RESTful API最好做到Hypermedia，即返回结果中提供链接，连向其他API方法，使得用户不查文档，也知道下一步应该做什么。
	{"link": {
	  "rel":   "collection https://www.example.com/zoos",
	  "href":  "https://api.example.com/zoos",
	  "title": "List of zoos",
	  "type":  "application/vnd.yourformat+json"
	}}

三、Django rest frame work 实现

url.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s1_api import TestView
 
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]

views.py

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
 
 
class TestView(APIView):
    def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        请求到来之后，都要执行dispatch方法，dispatch方法根据请求方式不同触发 get/post/put等方法
         
        注意：APIView中的dispatch方法有好多好多的功能
        """
        return super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
 
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('GET请求，响应内容')
 
    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')
 
    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

上述为rest_frame的主要功能更多方法在dispatch里　

from rest_framework.response import Response 这个返回的是一个友好页面,前提得在app里注册rest_framework

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'app01.apps.App01Config',
    'rest_framework',
]

rest_framework ,csrf中间件不影响原因源码剖析

rest_framework/views.py

请求进来执行视图as_view方法 --> APIVIEW --> as_view最终返回view将view里封装了一些参数 --> dispatch方法
@classmethod
def as_view(cls, **initkwargs):
    if isinstance(getattr(cls, 'queryset', None), models.query.QuerySet):
        def force_evaluation():
            raise RuntimeError(
                'Do not evaluate the `.queryset` attribute directly, '
                'as the result will be cached and reused between requests. '
                'Use `.all()` or call `.get_queryset()` instead.'
            )
        cls.queryset._fetch_all = force_evaluation
　　#继承mro父类的as_view方法,view = self.dispatch(request,*args,**kwargs)
    view = super(APIView, cls).as_view(**initkwargs)
    view.cls = cls
    view.initkwargs = initkwargs

    # all other authentication is CSRF exempt.
    return csrf_exempt(view) #这个地方解决了rest不会受csrf_token影响

request._request是老的request 从源码里 Request类的__init__方法可以查看到

class Request(object):
	def __init__(self, request, parsers=None, authenticators=None,
	             negotiator=None, parser_context=None)

	    self._request = request #这里声明了self._request = request
	    self.parsers = parsers or ()
	    self.authenticators = authenticators or ()
	    self.negotiator = negotiator or self._default_negotiator()
	    self.parser_context = parser_context

APIVIEW的dispatch　

def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
    """
    `.dispatch()` is pretty much the same as Django's regular dispatch,
    but with extra hooks for startup, finalize, and exception handling.
    """
    self.args = args
    self.kwargs = kwargs
    #request返回Request对象(包含原有request对象,封装了新的功能
    	1.认证类对象的列表
    	2.parser类对象的列表
    )
    request = self.initialize_request(request, *args, **kwargs)
    self.request = request
    self.headers = self.default_response_headers  # deprecate?

    try:
    	#执行视图之前又执行了initial
        self.initial(request, *args, **kwargs)

        # Get the appropriate handler method
        if request.method.lower() in self.http_method_names:
            handler = getattr(self, request.method.lower(),
                              self.http_method_not_allowed)
        else:
            handler = self.http_method_not_allowed

        response = handler(request, *args, **kwargs)

    except Exception as exc:
        response = self.handle_exception(exc)

    self.response = self.finalize_response(request, response, *args, **kwargs)
    return self.response


def initial(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

    self.format_kwarg = self.get_format_suffix(**kwargs)
    neg = self.perform_content_negotiation(request)
    request.accepted_renderer, request.accepted_media_type = neg

    version, scheme = self.determine_version(request, *args, **kwargs) 
    #DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS的类determine_version(request, *args, **kwargs)方法,version_class
    request.version, request.versioning_scheme = version, scheme #返回是一个元组

    # Ensure that the incoming request is permitted
   
    self.perform_authentication(request) #认证相关类
    self.check_permissions(request) #权限相关类
    self.check_throttles(request)  #限速相关类

一.版本

　 a.基于url get传参　

　　如：/users?version=v1

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',            # 默认版本
    'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],   # 允许的版本
    'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'          # URL中获取值的key
}

settings.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view(),name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.versioning import QueryParameterVersioning


class TestView(APIView):
    versioning_class = QueryParameterVersioning

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

        # 获取版本
        print(request.version)
        # 获取版本管理的类
        print(request.versioning_scheme)

        # 反向生成URL
        reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
        print(reverse_url)

        return Response('GET请求，响应内容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

views.py

　b.基于url正则方式

　　如：/v1/users/

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',            # 默认版本
    'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],   # 允许的版本
    'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'          # URL中获取值的key
}

settings.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^(?P<version>[v1|v2]+)/test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.versioning import URLPathVersioning


class TestView(APIView):
    versioning_class = URLPathVersioning

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # 获取版本
        print(request.version)
        # 获取版本管理的类
        print(request.versioning_scheme)

        # 反向生成URL
        reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
        print(reverse_url)

        return Response('GET请求，响应内容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

views.py

　 c.基于accept头方式

　　如：Accept: application/json; version=1.0

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',            # 默认版本
    'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],   # 允许的版本
    'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'          # URL中获取值的key
}

settings.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.versioning import AcceptHeaderVersioning


class TestView(APIView):
    versioning_class = AcceptHeaderVersioning

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # 获取版本 HTTP_ACCEPT头
        print(request.version)
        # 获取版本管理的类
        print(request.versioning_scheme)
        # 反向生成URL
        reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
        print(reverse_url)

        return Response('GET请求，响应内容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

views.py

d.基于主机名方法

　　如：v1.example.com

ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*']
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',  # 默认版本
    'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],  # 允许的版本
    'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'  # URL中获取值的key
}

settings.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.versioning import HostNameVersioning


class TestView(APIView):
    versioning_class = HostNameVersioning

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # 获取版本
        print(request.version)
        # 获取版本管理的类
        print(request.versioning_scheme)
        # 反向生成URL
        reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
        print(reverse_url)

        return Response('GET请求，响应内容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

views.py

e.基于django路由系统的namespace

　　如：example.com/v1/users/　　

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',  # 默认版本
    'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],  # 允许的版本
    'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'  # URL中获取值的key
}

settings.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^v1/', ([
                      url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
                  ], None, 'v1')),
    url(r'^v2/', ([
                      url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
                  ], None, 'v2')),

]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.versioning import NamespaceVersioning


class TestView(APIView):
    versioning_class = NamespaceVersioning

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # 获取版本
        print(request.version)
        # 获取版本管理的类
        print(request.versioning_scheme)
        # 反向生成URL
        reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
        print(reverse_url)

        return Response('GET请求，响应内容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

views.py

f.全局使用

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':"rest_framework.versioning.URLPathVersioning",
    'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',
    'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],
    'VERSION_PARAM': 'version' 
}

settings.py

示例url_version获取源码

class URLPathVersioning(BaseVersioning):
    """
    To the client this is the same style as `NamespaceVersioning`.
    The difference is in the backend - this implementation uses
    Django's URL keyword arguments to determine the version.

    An example URL conf for two views that accept two different versions.

    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^(?P<version>[v1|v2]+)/users/$', users_list, name='users-list'),
        url(r'^(?P<version>[v1|v2]+)/users/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$', users_detail, name='users-detail')
    ]

    GET /1.0/something/ HTTP/1.1
    Host: example.com
    Accept: application/json
    """
    invalid_version_message = _('Invalid version in URL path.')

    def determine_version(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # self.default_version = settings里的DEFAULT_VERSION
        version = kwargs.get(self.version_param, self.default_version)
        if not self.is_allowed_version(version):
            raise exceptions.NotFound(self.invalid_version_message)
        return version

    def reverse(self, viewname, args=None, kwargs=None, request=None, format=None, **extra):
        if request.version is not None:
            kwargs = {} if (kwargs is None) else kwargs
            kwargs[self.version_param] = request.version

        return super(URLPathVersioning, self).reverse(
            viewname, args, kwargs, request, format, **extra
        )

注意点：

路由里写：　

　　url(r'^test/(?P<go>w+)/', views.order),
　　默认传到**kwarg里
　　　　from kwargs {'go': 'go'}

二、认证与权限　

a.用户传入token认证

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.viewsimport TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]

urls.py

　在utils设置全局token认证

from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.exceptions import AuthenticationFailed
from app01 import models

class TokenAuthtication(BaseAuthentication):
    def authenticate(self, request):
        """

        :param request:
        :return:
            （user，auth） 表示认证成功，并将元组分别复制给request.user/request.auth
             raise AuthenticationFailed('认证失败') 表示认证失败
             None, 表示匿名用户
        """
        token = request.query_params.get('token')
        if not token:
            raise AuthenticationFailed('用户Token未携带')

        token_obj = models.UserToken.objects.filter(token=token).first()
        if not token_obj:
            raise AuthenticationFailed('token已失效或错误')

        return (token_obj.user.username,token_obj)

utils/auth.py

"""
post 请求 http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/auth   body为
{
        'username':'liujiliang',
        'password':'123123'
}

http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/user?token=c84cfc0a-33dc-4d05-be59-368570594a77
"""
class AuthView(APIView):
    authentication_classes = [] #认证不需要token
    def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        response = {'code':1000}
        user = request.data.get('username')
        print(user)
        pwd = request.data.get('password')
        print(pwd)
        obj = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(username=user,password=pwd).first()
        if not obj:
            response['code'] = 1001
            response['msg'] = '用户或密码错误'
            return JsonResponse(response,json_dumps_params={'ensure_ascii':False})

        token = str(uuid.uuid4())
        models.UserToken.objects.update_or_create(user=obj,defaults={'token':token})
        response['token'] = token

        return JsonResponse(response,json_dumps_params={'ensure_ascii':False})

class UserView(APIView):
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return HttpResponse('user.get')

    def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        return HttpResponse('user.post')

views.py

认证整体流程大致流程图

从源码查看token认证:

def initial(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
    """
    Runs anything that needs to occur prior to calling the method handler.
    """
    self.format_kwarg = self.get_format_suffix(**kwargs)

    # Perform content negotiation and store the accepted info on the request
    neg = self.perform_content_negotiation(request)
    request.accepted_renderer, request.accepted_media_type = neg

    # Determine the API version, if versioning is in use.
    version, scheme = self.determine_version(request, *args, **kwargs)
    request.version, request.versioning_scheme = version, scheme

     #dispatch的initial执行认证相关认证
    self.perform_authentication(request)
    self.check_permissions(request)
    self.check_throttles(request)

dispatch_initial

def perform_authentication(self, request):
    """
    Perform authentication on the incoming request.

    Note that if you override this and simply 'pass', then authentication
    will instead be performed lazily, the first time either
    `request.user` or `request.auth` is accessed.
    """
    #此request为封装后的大Request
    request.user

perform_authentication

@property
def user(self):
    """
    Returns the user associated with the current request, as authenticated
    by the authentication classes provided to the request.
    """
    if not hasattr(self, '_user'):
        with wrap_attributeerrors(): 
            self._authenticate()#执行这里执行Request._authenticate
    return self._user

user

def _authenticate(self):
    """
    Attempt to authenticate the request using each authentication instance
    in turn.
    """
    for authenticator in self.authenticators: #此authenticators在Request初始化的时候已经定义
        try:
            user_auth_tuple = authenticator.authenticate(self) #从这里可以看出返回值是一个元组
        except exceptions.APIException:
            self._not_authenticated() #如果抛出异常捕获到 就返回一个(None,None)
            raise

        if user_auth_tuple is not None:
            self._authenticator = authenticator
            self.user, self.auth = user_auth_tuple 
            return

    self._not_authenticated() #如果没有认证执行 默认就是(None,None)

_authenticate

authenticators=APIVIEW.get_authenticators() #返回一个对象列表

    def get_authenticators(self):
        """
        Instantiates and returns the list of authenticators that this view can use.
        """
        #配置里的DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES
        return [auth() for auth in self.authentication_classes]


    self.authenticators = authenticators or ()
    user_auth_tuple = authenticator.authenticate(self) #执行认证类的authenticate方法

获取对象的方式

从源码看权限控制:

dispatch 下的initial 方法里的check_permissions,

    def check_permissions(self, request):
        """
        Check if the request should be permitted.
        Raises an appropriate exception if the request is not permitted.
        """
        for permission in self.get_permissions():
            #执行[obj,obj]里的has_permission返回值是一个布尔值
            if not permission.has_permission(request, self):
                self.permission_denied(
                    request, message=getattr(permission, 'message', None)
                )

check_permissions

#根据user_id来判断用户具有的权限,可以任意扩展
from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission

class UserPermission(BasePermission):

    def has_permission(self,request,view):
        user_type_id = request.auth.user.user_type
        if user_type_id > 0:
            return True
        return False

class ManagerPermission(BasePermission):

    def has_permission(self,request,view):
        user_type_id = request.auth.user.user_type
        if user_type_id > 1:
            return True
        return False

permission程序编写,继承BasePermission

class BasePermission(object):
    """
    A base class from which all permission classes should inherit.
    """

    def has_permission(self, request, view):
        """
        Return `True` if permission is granted, `False` otherwise.
        """
        return True

    def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):
        """
        Return `True` if permission is granted, `False` otherwise.
        """
        return True

BasePermission源码

b. 请求头认证

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.viewsimport TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]

url.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework import exceptions

token_list = [
    'sfsfss123kuf3j123',
    'asijnfowerkkf9812',
]


class TestAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
    def authenticate(self, request):
        """
        用户认证，如果验证成功后返回元组： (用户,用户Token)
        :param request: 
        :return: 
            None,表示跳过该验证；
                如果跳过了所有认证，默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置
                self._authenticator = None
                if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:
                    self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER()
                else:
                    self.user = None
        
                if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
                    self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()
                else:
                    self.auth = None
            (user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token；
            AuthenticationFailed异常
        """
        import base64
        auth = request.META.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', b'')
        if auth:
            auth = auth.encode('utf-8')
        auth = auth.split()
        if not auth or auth[0].lower() != b'basic':
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('验证失败')
        if len(auth) != 2:
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('验证失败')
        username, part, password = base64.b64decode(auth[1]).decode('utf-8').partition(':')
        if username == 'alex' and password == '123':
            return ('登录用户', '用户token')
        else:
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('用户名或密码错误')

    def authenticate_header(self, request):
        """
        Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
        header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
        authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
        """
        return 'Basic realm=api'


class TestView(APIView):
    authentication_classes = [TestAuthentication, ]
    permission_classes = []

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return Response('GET请求，响应内容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

views.py

c.多个认证规则

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s2_auth import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]

url.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework import exceptions

token_list = [
    'sfsfss123kuf3j123',
    'asijnfowerkkf9812',
]


class Test1Authentication(BaseAuthentication):
    def authenticate(self, request):
        """
        用户认证，如果验证成功后返回元组： (用户,用户Token)
        :param request: 
        :return: 
            None,表示跳过该验证；
                如果跳过了所有认证，默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置
                self._authenticator = None
                if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:
                    self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER() # 默认值为：匿名用户
                else:
                    self.user = None

                if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
                    self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()# 默认值为：None
                else:
                    self.auth = None
            (user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token；
            AuthenticationFailed异常
        """
        import base64
        auth = request.META.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', b'')
        if auth:
            auth = auth.encode('utf-8')
        else:
            return None
        print(auth,'xxxx')
        auth = auth.split()
        if not auth or auth[0].lower() != b'basic':
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('验证失败')
        if len(auth) != 2:
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('验证失败')
        username, part, password = base64.b64decode(auth[1]).decode('utf-8').partition(':')
        if username == 'alex' and password == '123':
            return ('登录用户', '用户token')
        else:
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('用户名或密码错误')

    def authenticate_header(self, request):
        """
        Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
        header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
        authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
        """
        # return 'Basic realm=api'
        pass

class Test2Authentication(BaseAuthentication):
    def authenticate(self, request):
        """
        用户认证，如果验证成功后返回元组： (用户,用户Token)
        :param request: 
        :return: 
            None,表示跳过该验证；
                如果跳过了所有认证，默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置
                self._authenticator = None
                if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:
                    self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER() # 默认值为：匿名用户
                else:
                    self.user = None
        
                if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
                    self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()# 默认值为：None
                else:
                    self.auth = None
            (user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token；
            AuthenticationFailed异常
        """
        val = request.query_params.get('token')
        if val not in token_list:
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed("用户认证失败")

        return ('登录用户', '用户token')

    def authenticate_header(self, request):
        """
        Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
        header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
        authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
        """
        pass


class TestView(APIView):
    authentication_classes = [Test1Authentication, Test2Authentication]
    permission_classes = []

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return Response('GET请求，响应内容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

views.py

d.认证和权限

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]

url.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission

from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework import exceptions

token_list = [
    'sfsfss123kuf3j123',
    'asijnfowerkkf9812',
]


class TestAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
    def authenticate(self, request):
        """
        用户认证，如果验证成功后返回元组： (用户,用户Token)
        :param request: 
        :return: 
            None,表示跳过该验证；
                如果跳过了所有认证，默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置
                self._authenticator = None
                if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:
                    self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER() # 默认值为：匿名用户
                else:
                    self.user = None
        
                if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
                    self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()# 默认值为：None
                else:
                    self.auth = None
            (user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token；
            AuthenticationFailed异常
        """
        val = request.query_params.get('token')
        if val not in token_list:
            raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed("用户认证失败")

        return ('登录用户', '用户token')

    def authenticate_header(self, request):
        """
        Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
        header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
        authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
        """
        pass


class TestPermission(BasePermission):
    message = "权限验证失败"

    def has_permission(self, request, view):
        """
        判断是否有权限访问当前请求
        Return `True` if permission is granted, `False` otherwise.
        :param request: 
        :param view: 
        :return: True有权限；False无权限
        """
        if request.user == "管理员":
            return True

    # GenericAPIView中get_object时调用
    def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):
        """
        视图继承GenericAPIView，并在其中使用get_object时获取对象时，触发单独对象权限验证
        Return `True` if permission is granted, `False` otherwise.
        :param request: 
        :param view: 
        :param obj: 
        :return: True有权限；False无权限
        """
        if request.user == "管理员":
            return True


class TestView(APIView):
    # 认证的动作是由request.user触发
    authentication_classes = [TestAuthentication, ]

    # 权限
    # 循环执行所有的权限
    permission_classes = [TestPermission, ]

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # self.dispatch
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return Response('GET请求，响应内容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

views.py

全局使用:　

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': None,
    'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None,
    "DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": [
        "web.utils.TestAuthentication",
    ],
    "DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES": [
        "web.utils.TestPermission",
    ],
}

settings.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]

url.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response

class TestView(APIView):

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # self.dispatch
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return Response('GET请求，响应内容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

views.py

权限不通过返回结果

三、用户访问次数或频率限制

a . 基于用户IP访问频率限制

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response

from rest_framework import exceptions
from rest_framework.throttling import BaseThrottle
from rest_framework.settings import api_settings

# 保存访问记录
RECORD = {
    '用户IP': [12312139, 12312135, 12312133, ]
}


class TestThrottle(BaseThrottle):
    ctime = time.time

    def get_ident(self, request):
        """
        根据用户IP和代理IP，当做请求者的唯一IP
        Identify the machine making the request by parsing HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR
        if present and number of proxies is > 0. If not use all of
        HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR if it is available, if not use REMOTE_ADDR.
        """
        xff = request.META.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR')
        remote_addr = request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
        num_proxies = api_settings.NUM_PROXIES

        if num_proxies is not None:
            if num_proxies == 0 or xff is None:
                return remote_addr
            addrs = xff.split(',')
            client_addr = addrs[-min(num_proxies, len(addrs))]
            return client_addr.strip()

        return ''.join(xff.split()) if xff else remote_addr

    def allow_request(self, request, view):
        """
        是否仍然在允许范围内
        Return `True` if the request should be allowed, `False` otherwise.
        :param request: 
        :param view: 
        :return: True，表示可以通过；False表示已超过限制，不允许访问
        """
        # 获取用户唯一标识（如：IP）

        # 允许一分钟访问10次
        num_request = 10
        time_request = 60

        now = self.ctime()
        ident = self.get_ident(request)
        self.ident = ident
        if ident not in RECORD:
            RECORD[ident] = [now, ]
            return True
        history = RECORD[ident]
        while history and history[-1] <= now - time_request:
            history.pop()
        if len(history) < num_request:
            history.insert(0, now)
            return True

    def wait(self):
        """
        多少秒后可以允许继续访问
        Optionally, return a recommended number of seconds to wait before
        the next request.
        """
        last_time = RECORD[self.ident][0]
        now = self.ctime()
        return int(60 + last_time - now)


class TestView(APIView):
    throttle_classes = [TestThrottle, ]

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # self.dispatch
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return Response('GET请求，响应内容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

    def throttled(self, request, wait):
        """
        访问次数被限制时，定制错误信息
        """

        class Throttled(exceptions.Throttled):
            default_detail = '请求被限制.'
            extra_detail_singular = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.'
            extra_detail_plural = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.'

        raise Throttled(wait)

views.py

b. 基于用户IP显示访问频率（利于Django缓存）

CACHES = {
    'default': {
        'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.filebased.FileBasedCache',
        'LOCATION': 'C:\UsersxxxxxPycharmProjectsMyCelery\app01cache',
    }
}

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
        'test_scope': '10/m',
    },
}

settings.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response

from rest_framework import exceptions
from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle


class TestThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):

    # 配置文件定义的显示频率的Key
    scope = "test_scope"

    def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
        """
        Should return a unique cache-key which can be used for throttling.
        Must be overridden.

        May return `None` if the request should not be throttled.
        """
        if not request.user:
            ident = self.get_ident(request)
        else:
            ident = request.user

        return self.cache_format % {
            'scope': self.scope,
            'ident': ident
        }


class TestView(APIView):
    throttle_classes = [TestThrottle, ]

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # self.dispatch
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return Response('GET请求，响应内容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

    def throttled(self, request, wait):
        """
        访问次数被限制时，定制错误信息
        """

        class Throttled(exceptions.Throttled):
            default_detail = '请求被限制.'
            extra_detail_singular = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.'
            extra_detail_plural = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.'

        raise Throttled(wait)

views.py

c.view限制请求频率

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
        'xxxxxx': '10/m',
    },
}

settings.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response

from rest_framework import exceptions
from rest_framework.throttling import ScopedRateThrottle


# 继承 ScopedRateThrottle
class TestThrottle(ScopedRateThrottle):

    def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
        """
        Should return a unique cache-key which can be used for throttling.
        Must be overridden.

        May return `None` if the request should not be throttled.
        """
        if not request.user:
            ident = self.get_ident(request)
        else:
            ident = request.user

        return self.cache_format % {
            'scope': self.scope,
            'ident': ident
        }


class TestView(APIView):
    throttle_classes = [TestThrottle, ]

    # 在settings中获取 xxxxxx 对应的频率限制值
    throttle_scope = "xxxxxx"

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # self.dispatch
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return Response('GET请求，响应内容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

    def throttled(self, request, wait):
        """
        访问次数被限制时，定制错误信息
        """

        class Throttled(exceptions.Throttled):
            default_detail = '请求被限制.'
            extra_detail_singular = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.'
            extra_detail_plural = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.'

        raise Throttled(wait)

views.py

d. 匿名时用IP限制+登录时用Token限制

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': None,
    'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None,
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
        'luffy_anon': '10/m',
        'luffy_user': '20/m',
    },
}

settings.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s3_throttling import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]

urls.py

!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response

from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle


class LuffyAnonRateThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
    """
    匿名用户，根据IP进行限制
    """
    scope = "luffy_anon"

    def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
        # 用户已登录，则跳过 匿名频率限制
        if request.user:
            return None

        return self.cache_format % {
            'scope': self.scope,
            'ident': self.get_ident(request)
        }


class LuffyUserRateThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
    """
    登录用户，根据用户token限制
    """
    scope = "luffy_user"

    def get_ident(self, request):
        """
        认证成功时：request.user是用户对象；request.auth是token对象
        :param request: 
        :return: 
        """
        # return request.auth.token
        return "user_token"

    def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
        """
        获取缓存key
        :param request: 
        :param view: 
        :return: 
        """
        # 未登录用户，则跳过 Token限制
        if not request.user:
            return None

        return self.cache_format % {
            'scope': self.scope,
            'ident': self.get_ident(request)
        }


class TestView(APIView):
    throttle_classes = [LuffyUserRateThrottle, LuffyAnonRateThrottle, ]

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # self.dispatch
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return Response('GET请求，响应内容')

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

views.py

e.全局使用

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': [
        'api.utils.throttles.throttles.LuffyAnonRateThrottle',
        'api.utils.throttles.throttles.LuffyUserRateThrottle',
    ],
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
        'anon': '10/day',
        'user': '10/day',
        'luffy_anon': '10/m',
        'luffy_user': '20/m',
    },
}

settings.py

限速类定义:

from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle

class UserRateThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
    scope = 'user'
    def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
        if request.user:
            # 如果已经登录，pk
            ident = request.user
        else:
            # 如果没有登录，IP
            ident = self.get_ident(request)
        # 'throttle_%(scope)s_%(ident)s'
        #  throttle_user_fengfeng
        return self.cache_format % {
            'scope': self.scope,
            'ident': ident
        }

    def allow_request(self, request, view):
        if request.auth.user.user_type == 1:
            #这里也可以设置速率更改默认配置参数
            # self.num_requests = 3
            # self.duration = 60
            pass
        else:
            self.num_requests = 6
        return super(UserRateThrottle,self).allow_request(request, view)

throttles.py

视图里注册throttle_classes

class UserView(APIView):
    permission_classes = [UserPermission,]
    throttle_classes = [UserRateThrottle,]
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        self.dispatch
        print(request.user)
        print(request.auth)
        return HttpResponse('user.get')

    def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        return HttpResponse('user.post')

views.py

通过源码看simpleRateThrottle限速原理

请求进来执行dispatch

def check_throttles(self, request):
    """
    Check if request should be throttled.
    Raises an appropriate exception if the request is throttled.
    """
    for throttle in self.get_throttles(): #执行throttles的allow_request方法 返回为布尔值
        if not throttle.allow_request(request, self):
            self.throttled(request, throttle.wait())


SimpleRateThrottle的allow_request

def allow_request(self, request, view):
    """
    Implement the check to see if the request should be throttled.

    On success calls `throttle_success`.
    On failure calls `throttle_failure`.
    """
    if self.rate is None:
        return True

    self.key = self.get_cache_key(request, view)
    if self.key is None:
        return True

    #去缓存里拿去最新的列表   
    self.history = self.cache.get(self.key, [])
    #用时间戳
    self.now = self.timer()

    # Drop any requests from the history which have now passed the
    # throttle duration

    #如果列表存在并且最后一个时间 小于等于 当前时间与间隔的差值,就删除最后一个值
    while self.history and self.history[-1] <= self.now - self.duration:
        self.history.pop() 
    if len(self.history) >= self.num_requests: #判断整体长度是否大于最大值,大于的话就failure
        return self.throttle_failure()
    return self.throttle_success() #否则返回success


 def throttle_success(self):
    """
    Inserts the current request's timestamp along with the key
    into the cache.
    """
    self.history.insert(0, self.now) #成功的话 在列表里头部插入
    self.cache.set(self.key, self.history, self.duration)
    return True

如果allow_request返回false,执行throttled方法 传入限制类.wait()方法


def wait(self):
    """
    Returns the recommended next request time in seconds.
    """
    #当前时间和最后一个时间做一个差
    if self.history:
        remaining_duration = self.duration - (self.now - self.history[-1])
    else:
        remaining_duration = self.duration

    available_requests = self.num_requests - len(self.history) + 1
    if available_requests <= 0:
        return None

    return remaining_duration / float(available_requests)

整体代码关键函数

简易图,示范:

#时间戳
{
	throttle_xiaohua: [1527322520.5065649, 1527322512.5065649,1527322509.5065649,],
}



第一步：去列表中pop已经失效
		
		1527322599.5065649 - 60 = 1527322539.5065649
		
		xiaohua:[]
		
第二步：计算个数：
		xiaohua:[1527322599.5065649,]

返回结果如下：

四、序列化和表单验证

序列化用于对用户请求数据进行验证和数据进行序列化。

a . 自定义字段

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models


class PasswordValidator(object):
    def __init__(self, base):
        self.base = base

    def __call__(self, value):
        if value != self.base:
            message = 'This field must be %s.' % self.base
            raise serializers.ValidationError(message)

    def set_context(self, serializer_field):
        """
        This hook is called by the serializer instance,
        prior to the validation call being made.
        """
        # 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象
        pass


class UserSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    ut_title = serializers.CharField(source='ut.title')
    user = serializers.CharField(min_length=6)
    pwd = serializers.CharField(error_messages={'required': '密码不能为空'}, validators=[PasswordValidator('666')])


class TestView(APIView):
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

        # 序列化，将数据库查询字段序列化为字典
        data_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        ser = UserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True)
        # 或
        # obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
        # ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)
        return Response(ser.data)

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # 验证，对请求发来的数据进行验证
        ser = UserSerializer(data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            print(ser.validated_data)
        else:
            print(ser.errors)

        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

views.py

b.基础定义字段

from rest_framework import serializers
class HostSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    hostname = serializers.CharField()
    # port = serializers.IntegerField()
    port = serializers.IntegerField()
    sa_id = serializers.IntegerField(source="sa.id")
    sa_name = serializers.CharField(source="sa.name")
    htype_id = serializers.CharField(source="htype")
    htype_title = serializers.CharField(source="get_htype_display")
    departs = serializers.SerializerMethodField() #设置method方法

    #钩子函数用get_字段
    def get_departs(self,obj):
        return [{'id':row.id,'title':row.title} for row in obj.departs.all()]



class HostView(APIView):
    authentication_classes = []
    #多个对象组成的queryset
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        ret  = {"code":2001}
        try:
            queryset = models.Host.objects.all()
            ser = HostSerializer(instance=queryset,many=True)
            ret["data"]  = ser.data
        except Exception as e :
            ret["code"] = 2002
            ret["msg"] = "获取数据失败"
        return Response(ret)
   

    #单个对象查询方式
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        ret  = {"code":2001}
        try:
            obj = models.Host.objects.first()
            ser = HostSerializer(instance=obj,many=False)
            ret["data"]  = ser.data
        except Exception as e :
            ret["code"] = 2002
            ret["msg"] = "获取数据失败"
        return Response(ret)

views.py

c.基于model自动生成字段

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models


class PasswordValidator(object):
    def __init__(self, base):
        self.base = str(base)

    def __call__(self, value):
        if value != self.base:
            message = 'This field must be %s.' % self.base
            raise serializers.ValidationError(message)

    def set_context(self, serializer_field):
        """
        This hook is called by the serializer instance,
        prior to the validation call being made.
        """
        # 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象
        pass

class ModelUserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

    user = serializers.CharField(max_length=32)

    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"
        # fields = ['user', 'pwd', 'ut']
        depth = 2
        extra_kwargs = {'user': {'min_length': 6}, 'pwd': {'validators': [PasswordValidator(666), ]}}
        # read_only_fields = ['user']


class TestView(APIView):
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

        # 序列化，将数据库查询字段序列化为字典
        data_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        ser = ModelUserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True)
        # 或
        # obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
        # ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)
        return Response(ser.data)

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # 验证，对请求发来的数据进行验证
        print(request.data)
        ser = ModelUserSerializer(data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            print(ser.validated_data)
        else:
            print(ser.errors)

        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

views.py

d.弱化版的

class NewHostSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    #这种方法无法解决choice字段
    htype_title = serializers.Serializer(source="get_htype_display")
    xxx = serializers.SerializerMethodField()
    #类似于django的ModuleForm
    class Meta:
        model = models.Host
        # fields = '__all__' __all__为全部
        fields = ['hostname', 'port', 'htype', 'htype_title', 'sa', 'departs', 'xxx']
        depth = 1 #查询深度可以增加

    def get_xxx(self,obj):
        return [{'id':row.id,'title':row.title} for row in obj.departs.all()]

class HostView(APIView):
    authentication_classes = []
    #多个对象组成的queryset
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        ret  = {"code":2001}
        try:
            queryset = models.Host.objects.all()
            ser = NewHostSerializer(instance=queryset,many=True)
            ret["data"]  = ser.data
        except Exception as e :
            print(e)
            ret["code"] = 2002
            ret["msg"] = "获取数据失败"
        return Response(ret)

views.py

f.生成URL

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    url(r'detail/(?P<pk>d+)/', TestView.as_view(), name='detail'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models


class PasswordValidator(object):
    def __init__(self, base):
        self.base = str(base)

    def __call__(self, value):
        if value != self.base:
            message = 'This field must be %s.' % self.base
            raise serializers.ValidationError(message)

    def set_context(self, serializer_field):
        """
        This hook is called by the serializer instance,
        prior to the validation call being made.
        """
        # 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象
        pass


class ModelUserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    ut = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='detail')
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"

        extra_kwargs = {
            'user': {'min_length': 6},
            'pwd': {'validators': [PasswordValidator(666),]},
        }



class TestView(APIView):
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

        # 序列化，将数据库查询字段序列化为字典
        data_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        ser = ModelUserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True, context={'request': request})
        # 或
        # obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
        # ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)
        return Response(ser.data)

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # 验证，对请求发来的数据进行验证
        print(request.data)
        ser = ModelUserSerializer(data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            print(ser.validated_data)
        else:
            print(ser.errors)

        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

views.py

g.自动生成URL

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
    url(r'detail/(?P<pk>d+)/', TestView.as_view(), name='xxxx'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models


class PasswordValidator(object):
    def __init__(self, base):
        self.base = str(base)

    def __call__(self, value):
        if value != self.base:
            message = 'This field must be %s.' % self.base
            raise serializers.ValidationError(message)

    def set_context(self, serializer_field):
        """
        This hook is called by the serializer instance,
        prior to the validation call being made.
        """
        # 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象
        pass


class ModelUserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
    ll = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='xxxx')
    tt = serializers.CharField(required=False)

    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"
        list_serializer_class = serializers.ListSerializer

        extra_kwargs = {
            'user': {'min_length': 6},
            'pwd': {'validators': [PasswordValidator(666), ]},
            'url': {'view_name': 'xxxx'},
            'ut': {'view_name': 'xxxx'},
        }


class TestView(APIView):
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # # 序列化，将数据库查询字段序列化为字典
        data_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        ser = ModelUserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True, context={'request': request})
        # # 如果Many=True
        # # 或
        # # obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
        # # ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)
        return Response(ser.data)

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # 验证，对请求发来的数据进行验证
        print(request.data)
        ser = ModelUserSerializer(data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            print(ser.validated_data)
        else:
            print(ser.errors)

        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

views.py

五、解析器(parser)

根据请求头 content-type 选择对应的解析器就请求体内容进行处理。

a. 仅处理请求头content-type为application/json的请求体

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s5_parser import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser


class TestView(APIView):
    parser_classes = [JSONParser, ]

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.content_type)

        # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
        print(request.data)

        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)

        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

view.py

b. 仅处理请求头content-type为application/x-www-form-urlencoded 的请求体

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import FormParser


class TestView(APIView):
    parser_classes = [FormParser, ]

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.content_type)

        # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
        print(request.data)

        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)

        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

views.py

c. 仅处理请求头content-type为multipart/form-data的请求体

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import MultiPartParser


class TestView(APIView):
    parser_classes = [MultiPartParser, ]

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.content_type)

        # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
        print(request.data)
        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

views.py

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
    <input type="text" name="user" />
    <input type="file" name="img">

    <input type="submit" value="提交">

</form>
</body>
</html>

upload.html

d. 仅上传文件

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/(?P<filename>[^/]+)', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import FileUploadParser


class TestView(APIView):
    parser_classes = [FileUploadParser, ]

    def post(self, request, filename, *args, **kwargs):
        print(filename)
        print(request.content_type)

        # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
        print(request.data)
        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

views.py

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/f1.numbers" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
    <input type="text" name="user" />
    <input type="file" name="img">

    <input type="submit" value="提交">

</form>
</body>
</html>

upload.html

e. 同时多个Parser

当同时使用多个parser时，rest framework会根据请求头content-type自动进行比对，并使用对应parser get_content_negotiator会进行筛选

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser, FormParser, MultiPartParser


class TestView(APIView):
    parser_classes = [JSONParser, FormParser, MultiPartParser, ]

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.content_type)

        # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
        print(request.data)
        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')

views.py

f.全局使用

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES':[
        'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser'
        'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser'
        'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser'
    ]

}

settings.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response


class TestView(APIView):
    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(request.content_type)

        # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
        print(request.data)
        # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
        print(request.POST)
        print(request.FILES)
        return Response('POST请求，响应内容')

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
复制代码

views.py

注意：个别特殊的值可以通过Django的request对象 request._request 来进行获取

from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser,FormParser
class ParserView(APIView):
    authentication_classes = []
    #json返回的是dict,form返回的是querydict,request.data有不同的值
    parser_classes = [JSONParser,FormParser]

    def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        print(request.data,type(request.data))
        return Response('...')

六、分页

a. 根据页码进行分页

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from rest_framework import routers
from web.views import s9_pagination

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', s9_pagination.UserViewSet.as_view()),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models

from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination


class StandardResultsSetPagination(PageNumberPagination):
    # 默认每页显示的数据条数
    page_size = 1
    # 获取URL参数中设置的每页显示数据条数
    page_size_query_param = 'page_size'

    # 获取URL参数中传入的页码key
    page_query_param = 'page'

    # 最大支持的每页显示的数据条数
    max_page_size = 1


class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class UserViewSet(APIView):
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id')

        # 实例化分页对象，获取数据库中的分页数据
        paginator = StandardResultsSetPagination()
        page_user_list = paginator.paginate_queryset(user_list, self.request, view=self)

        # 序列化对象
        serializer = UserSerializer(page_user_list, many=True)

        # 生成分页和数据
        response = paginator.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
        return response

views.py

http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/host_list/?page=3

b. 位置和个数进行分页

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s9_pagination

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', s9_pagination.UserViewSet.as_view()),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models

from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination,LimitOffsetPagination


class StandardResultsSetPagination(LimitOffsetPagination):
    # 默认每页显示的数据条数
    default_limit = 10
    # URL中传入的显示数据条数的参数
    limit_query_param = 'limit'
    # URL中传入的数据位置的参数
    offset_query_param = 'offset'
    # 最大每页显得条数
    max_limit = None

class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class UserViewSet(APIView):
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id')

        # 实例化分页对象，获取数据库中的分页数据
        paginator = StandardResultsSetPagination()
        page_user_list = paginator.paginate_queryset(user_list, self.request, view=self)

        # 序列化对象
        serializer = UserSerializer(page_user_list, many=True)

        # 生成分页和数据
        response = paginator.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
        return response

views.py

http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/host_list/?limit=1

http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/host_list/?limit=1&offset=1 offset为偏移量

c.游标分页

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s9_pagination

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/', s9_pagination.UserViewSet.as_view()),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models

from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination, LimitOffsetPagination, CursorPagination


class StandardResultsSetPagination(CursorPagination):
    # URL传入的游标参数
    cursor_query_param = 'cursor'
    # 默认每页显示的数据条数
    page_size = 2
    # URL传入的每页显示条数的参数
    page_size_query_param = 'page_size'
    # 每页显示数据最大条数
    max_page_size = 1000

    # 根据ID从大到小排列
    ordering = "id"



class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class UserViewSet(APIView):
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id')

        # 实例化分页对象，获取数据库中的分页数据
        paginator = StandardResultsSetPagination()
        page_user_list = paginator.paginate_queryset(user_list, self.request, view=self)

        # 序列化对象
        serializer = UserSerializer(page_user_list, many=True)

        # 生成分页和数据
        response = paginator.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
        return response

views.py

http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/host_list/?cursor=cD0y

游标的另外一种使用方法

from rest_framework.pagination import CursorPagination

class MyCursorPagination(CursorPagination):
    page_size = 1
    ordering = 'id'

class PagerSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.Host
        fields = ['hostname','port',]

class PagerView(APIView):
    authentication_classes = []
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        queryset = models.Host.objects.all().order_by('id')
        pg = MyCursorPagination()
        ret = pg.paginate_queryset(queryset=queryset,request=request,view=self)
        ser = PagerSerializer(instance=ret,many=True)

        response = {
            'code':1000,
            'next':pg.get_next_link(),
            'prev':pg.get_previous_link(),
            'data':ser.data
        }

        return Response(response)

views.py

防止爬虫

间接引出来一个问题.

数据库有几千万条数据,让你做分页,如果在数据库查询当前页id，where page > id 做筛选做limit_offset，对页码进行加密,当前页的最大值和最小值加密

七、路由

a.自定义路由

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s11_render

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
    url(r'^test.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
    url(r'^test/(?P<pk>[^/.]+)/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
    url(r'^test/(?P<pk>[^/.]+).(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$', s11_render.TestView.as_view())
]

urls.py

from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .. import models


class TestView(APIView):
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        print(kwargs)
        print(self.renderer_classes)
        return Response('...')

views.py

b.半自动路由

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s10_generic

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list', 'post': 'create'})),
    url(r'^test/(?P<pk>d+)/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view(
        {'get': 'retrieve', 'put': 'update', 'patch': 'partial_update', 'delete': 'destroy'})),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models


class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
    serializer_class = UserSerializer

views.py

c.全自动路由

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from rest_framework import routers
from web.views import s10_generic


router = routers.DefaultRouter()
router.register(r'users', s10_generic.UserViewSet)

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^', include(router.urls)),
]

urls.py

from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models


class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
    serializer_class = UserSerializer

views.py

获取全部和获取部分的例子
url(r'^sa/$', views.SaView.as_view()),
url(r'^sa/(?P<pk>d+)/$', views.SaView.as_view()),

八、视图

a. GenericViewSet

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s7_viewset import TestView

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'test/', TestView.as_view({'get':'list'}), name='test'),
    url(r'detail/(?P<pk>d+)/', TestView.as_view({'get':'list'}), name='xxxx'),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework import viewsets
from rest_framework.response import Response


class TestView(viewsets.GenericViewSet):
    def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return Response('...')

    def add(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        pass

    def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        pass

    def edit(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        pass

views.py

b. ModelViewSet（自定义URL）

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s10_generic

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list', 'post': 'create'})),
    url(r'^test/(?P<pk>d+)/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view(
        {'get': 'retrieve', 'put': 'update', 'patch': 'partial_update', 'delete': 'destroy'})),
]

url.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models


class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
    serializer_class = UserSerializer

views.py

c. ModelViewSet（rest framework路由）

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from rest_framework import routers
from app01 import views

router = routers.DefaultRouter()
router.register(r'users', views.UserViewSet)
router.register(r'groups', views.GroupViewSet)

# Wire up our API using automatic URL routing.
# Additionally, we include login URLs for the browsable API.
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^', include(router.urls)),
]

urls.py

from rest_framework import viewsets
from rest_framework import serializers


class UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.User
        fields = ('url', 'username', 'email', 'groups')


class GroupSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.Group
        fields = ('url', 'name')
        
class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    """
    API endpoint that allows users to be viewed or edited.
    """
    queryset = User.objects.all().order_by('-date_joined')
    serializer_class = UserSerializer


class GroupViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    """
    API endpoint that allows groups to be viewed or edited.
    """
    queryset = Group.objects.all()
    serializer_class = GroupSerializer

views.py

queryset = Group.objects.all() #查询使用queryset
serializer_class = GroupSerializer #序列化

九、渲染器

根据用户请求URL 或用户可接受的类型，筛选出合适的渲染组件。
用户请求URL：

http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=json
http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.json

用户请求头：

Accept:text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8

a. json

访问URL：

http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=json
http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.json
http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s11_render

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
    url(r'^test.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
]

url.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers

from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer

from .. import models


class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class TestView(APIView):
    renderer_classes = [JSONRenderer, ]

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=True)
        return Response(ser.data)

views.py

b. 表格

访问URL：

http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=admin
http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.admin
http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers

from rest_framework.renderers import AdminRenderer

from .. import models


class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class TestView(APIView):
    renderer_classes = [AdminRenderer, ]

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
        ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=True)
        return Response(ser.data)

views.py

c. Form表单

访问URL：

http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=form
http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.form
http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers

from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
from rest_framework.renderers import AdminRenderer
from rest_framework.renderers import HTMLFormRenderer

from .. import models


class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class TestView(APIView):
    renderer_classes = [HTMLFormRenderer, ]

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
        ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=False)
        return Response(ser.data)

views.py

d. 自定义显示模板

访问URL：

http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=html
http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.html
http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s11_render

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^test/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
    url(r'^test.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
]

urls.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from rest_framework.renderers import TemplateHTMLRenderer

from .. import models


class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class TestView(APIView):
    renderer_classes = [TemplateHTMLRenderer, ]

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
        ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=False)
        return Response(ser.data, template_name='user_detail.html')

views.py

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
    {{ user }}
    {{ pwd }}
    {{ ut }}
</body>
</html>

html

e. 浏览器格式API+JSON

访问URL：

http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=api
http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.api
http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers

from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
from rest_framework.renderers import BrowsableAPIRenderer

from .. import models


class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"


class CustomBrowsableAPIRenderer(BrowsableAPIRenderer):
    def get_default_renderer(self, view):
        return JSONRenderer()


class TestView(APIView):
    renderer_classes = [CustomBrowsableAPIRenderer, ]

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
        ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=False)
        return Response(ser.data, template_name='user_detail.html')

views.py

注意：如果同时多个存在时，自动根据URL后缀来选择渲染器。

补充：

　　序列化组件当修改返回字段的时候,可以设置 read_only=True, write_only=True ,如果是read_only = True 修改的时候, 就不用提交该字段

class HostSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.Host
        fields = "__all__"

    course = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=False, write_only=False)