lamp

1. lamp简介

所谓lamp,其实就是由Linux+Apache+Mysql/MariaDB+Php/Perl/Python的一组动态网站或者服务器的开源软件,除Linux外其它各部件本身都是各自独立的程序,但是因为经常被放在一起使用,拥有了越来越高的兼容度,共同组成了一个强大的Web应用程序平台。

LAMP指的是Linux(操作系统)、Apache(HTTP服务器)、MySQL(也指MariaDB,数据库软件)和PHP(有时也是指Perl或Python)的第一个字母,一般用来建立web应用平台。

2. web服务器工作流程

web服务器的资源分为两种,静态资源和动态资源

静态资源就是指静态内容,客户端从服务器获得的资源的表现形式与原文件相同。可以简单的理解为就是直接存储于文件系统中的资源
动态资源则通常是程序文件,需要在服务器执行之后,将执行的结果返回给客户端
那么web服务器如何执行程序并将结果返回给客户端呢?下面通过一张图来说明一下web服务器如何处理客户端的请求

如上图所示

阶段①显示的是httpd服务器(即apache)和php服务器通过FastCGI协议进行通信,且php作为独立的服务进程运行

阶段②显示的是php程序和mysql数据库间通过mysql协议进行通信。php与mysql本没有什么联系,但是由Php语言写成的程序可以与mysql进行数据交互。同理perl和python写的程序也可以与mysql数据库进行交互

2.1 cgi与fastcgi

上图阶段①中提到了FastCGI,下面我们来了解下CGI与FastCGI。

CGI(Common Gateway Interface,通用网关接口),CGI是外部应用程序(CGI程序)与WEB服务器之间的接口标准,是在CGI程序和Web服务器之间传递信息的过程。CGI规范允许Web服务器执行外部程序,并将它们的输出发送给Web浏览器,CGI将web的一组简单的静态超媒体文档变成一个完整的新的交互式媒体。

FastCGI(Fast Common Gateway Interface)是CGI的改良版,CGI是通过启用一个解释器进程来处理每个请求,耗时且耗资源,而FastCGI则是通过master-worker形式来处理每个请求,即启动一个master主进程,然后根据配置启动几个worker进程,当请求进来时,master会从worker进程中选择一个去处理请求,这样就避免了重复的生成和杀死进程带来的频繁cpu上下文切换而导致耗时

2.2 httpd与php结合的方式

httpd与php结合的方式有以下三种:

modules:php将以httpd的扩展模块形式存在,需要加载动态资源时,httpd可以直接通过php模块来加工资源并返回给客户端
httpd prefork:libphp5.so(多进程模型的php)
httpd event or worker:libphp5-zts.so(线程模型的php)
CGI:httpd需要加载动态资源时,通过CGI与php解释器联系,获得php执行的结果,此时httpd负责与php连接的建立和断开等
FastCGI:利用php-fpm机制,启动为服务进程,php自行运行为一个服务,https通过socket与php通信
较于CGI方式,FastCGI更为常用,很少有人使用CGI方式来加载动态资源

2.3 web工作流程

通过上面的图说明一下web的工作流程:

客户端通过http协议请求web服务器资源
web服务器收到请求后判断客户端请求的资源是静态资源或是动态资源
若是静态资源则直接从本地文件系统取之返回给客户端。
否则若为动态资源则通过FastCGI协议与php服务器联系,通过CGI程序的master进程调度worker进程来执行程序以获得客户端请求的动态资源,并将执行的结果通过FastCGI协议返回给httpd服务器,httpd服务器收到php的执行结果后将其封装为http响应报文响应给客户端。在执行程序获取动态资源时若需要获得数据库中的资源时,由Php服务器通过mysql协议与MySQL/MariaDB服务器交互,取之而后返回给httpd,httpd将从php服务器收到的执行结果封装成http响应报文响应给客户端。

3. lamp平台构建

lamp平台软件安装次序:


    httpd --> mysql --> php

注意:php要求httpd使用prefork MPM

3.1 安装httpd

//YUM源配置
[root@liping yum.repos.d]# wget http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[root@liping yum.repos.d]# ls
CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[root@liping yum.repos.d]# cd
[root@liping ~]# sed -i 's/$releasever/7/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[root@liping ~]# yum -y install epel-release

//安装开发工具包
[root@liping ~]# yum groups mark install 'Development Tools'

//创建apache服务的用户和组
[root@liping ~]# groupadd -r apache
[root@liping ~]# useradd -r -M -s /sbin/nologin -g apache apache

//安装依赖包
[root@liping ~]# yum -y install openssl-devel pcre-devel expat-devel libtool gcc gcc-c++

//下载和安装apr以及apr-util
[root@liping ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@liping src]# wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/apr/apr-1.6.5.tar.gz
[root@liping src]# wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/apr/apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz
[root@liping src]# ls
apr-1.6.5.tar.gz apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz debug kernels
[root@liping src]# tar xf apr-1.6.5.tar.gz
[root@liping src]# tar xf apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz
[root@liping src]# ls
apr-1.6.5 apr-1.6.5.tar.gz apr-util-1.6.1 apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz debug kernels
[root@liping src]# cd apr-1.6.5
[root@liping apr-1.6.5]# vim configure
cfgfile="${ofile}T"
    trap "$RM "$cfgfile"; exit 1" 1 2 15
    # $RM "$cfgfile"        //将此行加上注释,或者删除此行
[root@liping apr-1.6.5]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr
[root@liping apr-1.6.5]# make && make install
[root@liping apr-1.6.5]# cd /usr/src/apr-util-1.6.1
[root@liping apr-util-1.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr
[root@liping apr-util-1.6.1]# make && make install

//编译安装httpd
[root@liping apr-util-1.6.1]# cd /usr/src/
[root@liping src]# wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.4.38.tar.gz
[root@liping src]# ls
apr-1.6.5 apr-1.6.5.tar.gz apr-util-1.6.1 apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz debug httpd-2.4.38.tar.gz kernels
[root@liping src]# tar xf httpd-2.4.38.tar.gz
[root@liping src]# cd httpd-2.4.38
[root@liping httpd-2.4.38]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache 
> --sysconfdir=/etc/httpd24 
> --enable-so 
> --enable-ssl 
> --enable-cgi 
> --enable-rewrite 
> --with-zlib 
> --with-pcre 
> --with-apr=/usr/local/apr 
> --with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/ 
> --enable-modules=most 
> --enable-mpms-shared=all 
> --with-mpm=prefork
[root@liping httpd-2.4.38]# make && make install

//安装后配置
[root@liping ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/apache/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@liping ~]# source /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@liping ~]# ln -s /usr/local/apache/include/ /usr/include/httpd
[root@liping ~]# echo 'MANPATH /usr/local/apache/man' >> /etc/man.config
[root@liping ~]# sed -i '/#ServerName/s/#//g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf

//启动apache
[root@liping ~]# apachectl start
[root@liping ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*                  
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*                  
LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::*                  
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*                  
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*              

3.2 安装mysql

//安装依赖包
[root@liping ~]# yum -y install ncurses-devel openssl-devel openssl cmake mariadb-devel

//创建用户和组
[root@liping ~]# groupadd -r -g 306 mysql
[root@liping ~]# useradd -r -M -s /sbin/nologin -g 306 -u 306 mysql


//下载二进制格式的mysql软件包
[root@liping ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@liping src]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz

//解压软件至/usr/local/
[root@liping src]# ls
apr-1.6.5 apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz httpd-2.4.38.tar.gz
apr-1.6.5.tar.gz debug kernels
apr-util-1.6.1 httpd-2.4.38 mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
[root@liping src]# tar xf mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@liping src]# cd /usr/local/
[root@liping local]# ls
apache apr-util etc include lib64 mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 share
apr bin games lib libexec sbin src
[root@liping local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql
"mysql" -> "mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/"
[root@liping local]# ll
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 13 root root 152 12月 18 09:35 apache
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 58 12月 18 09:28 apr
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 43 12月 18 09:29 apr-util
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 3月 10 2016 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 3月 10 2016 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 3月 10 2016 games
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 3月 10 2016 include
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 3月 10 2016 lib
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 3月 10 2016 lib64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 3月 10 2016 libexec
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 36 12月 18 10:49 mysql -> mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/
drwxr-xr-x. 9 root root 129 12月 18 10:49 mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 3月 10 2016 sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 49 10月 11 00:36 share
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 3月 10 2016 src

//修改目录/usr/local/mysql的属主属组
[root@liping local]# chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql
[root@liping local]# ll /usr/local/mysql -d
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mysql mysql 36 12月 18 10:49 /usr/local/mysql -> mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/

//添加环境变量
[root@liping local]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@liping local]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@liping local]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/apache/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin

//建立数据存放目录
[root@liping local]# mkdir /opt/data
[root@liping local]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data/
[root@liping local]# ll /opt/
总用量 1048576
drwxr-xr-x. 2 mysql mysql 6 12月 18 10:51 data
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 54 10月 11 18:06 nginx-1.16.1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 10月 11 15:52 sdb
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 10月 11 16:12 sdc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1073741824 10月 12 14:49 swap_file

//初始化数据库
[root@liping local]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data/
2019-12-18T02:52:55.703382Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2019-12-18T02:52:56.039229Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2019-12-18T02:52:56.167542Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2019-12-18T02:52:56.227277Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 7e35dfa9-2141-11ea-addd-000c2926a452.
2019-12-18T02:52:56.230844Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2019-12-18T02:52:56.290592Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: 2z62b-;rA3Ed
[root@liping local]# echo '2z62b-;rA3Ed' > pass

//配置mysql
[root@liping local]# ln -sv /usr/local/mysql/include/ /usr/local/include/mysq
"/usr/local/include/mysq" -> "/usr/local/mysql/include/"
[root@liping local]# echo '/usr/local/mysql/lib' > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql.conf
[root@liping local]# ldconfig

//生成配置文件
[root@liping local]# cat > /etc/my.cnf <<EOF
> [mysqld]
> basedir = /usr/local/mysql
> datadir = /opt/data
> socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
> port = 3306
> pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
> user = mysql
> skip-name-resolve
> EOF

//配置服务启动脚本
[root@liping local]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@liping local]# sed -ri 's#^(basedir=).*#1/usr/local/mysql#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@liping local]# sed -ri 's#^(datadir=).*#1/opt/data#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld

//启动mysql
[root@liping local]# service mysqld start
Starting MySQL.Logging to '/opt/data/liping.err'.
. SUCCESS! 
[root@liping local]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*                  
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*                  
LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::*                  
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*                  
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*                  
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*  

//修改密码
//使用临时密码登录
[root@liping local]# cat pass 
2z62b-;rA3Ed
[root@liping local]# mysql -uroot -p'2z62b-;rA3Ed'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.22

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> set password = password('123456');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

mysql> quit
Bye

3.3 安装php

//配置yum源
[root@liping ~]# wget http://rpms.remirepo.net/enterprise/remi-release-7.rpm
[root@liping ~]# rpm -Uvh remi-release-7.rpm
[root@liping ~]# yum makecache --enablerepo=remi

//安装依赖包
[root@liping ~]# yum -y install libxml2 libxml2-devel openssl openssl-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel libcurl libcurl-devel libicu-devel libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel openldap-devel pcre-devel freetype freetype-devel gmp gmp-devel libmcrypt libmcrypt-devel readline readline-devel libxslt libxslt-devel mhash mhash-devel php72-php-mysqlnd

//下载php
[root@liping ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@liping src]# wget http://cn.php.net/distributions/php-7.2.8.tar.xz

//编译安装php
[root@liping src]# tar xf php-7.2.8.tar.xz
[root@liping src]# ls
apr-1.6.5 apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz httpd-2.4.38.tar.gz php-7.2.8
apr-1.6.5.tar.gz debug kernels php-7.2.8.tar.xz
apr-util-1.6.1 httpd-2.4.38 mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
[root@liping src]# cd php-7.2.8/
[root@liping php-7.2.8]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php7 
> --with-config-file-path=/etc 
> --enable-fpm 
> --enable-inline-optimization 
> --disable-debug 
> --disable-rpath 
> --enable-shared 
> --enable-soap 
> --with-openssl 
> --enable-bcmath 
> --with-iconv 
> --with-bz2 
> --enable-calendar 
> --with-curl 
> --enable-exif 
> --enable-ftp 
> --with-gd 
> --with-jpeg-dir 
> --with-png-dir 
> --with-zlib-dir 
> --with-freetype-dir 
> --with-gettext 
> --enable-json 
> --enable-mbstring 
> --enable-pdo 
> --with-mysqli=mysqlnd 
> --with-pdo-mysql=mysqlnd 
> --with-readline 
> --enable-shmop 
> --enable-simplexml 
> --enable-sockets 
> --enable-zip 
> --enable-mysqlnd-compression-support 
> --with-pear 
> --enable-pcntl 
> --enable-posix
[root@liping php-7.2.8]# make && make install

//安装后配置
[root@liping php-7.2.8]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/php7/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/php7.sh
[root@liping php-7.2.8]# . /etc/profile.d/php7.sh 
[root@liping php-7.2.8]# php -v
PHP 7.2.8 (cli) (built: Dec 18 2019 15:04:15) ( NTS )
Copyright (c) 1997-2018 The PHP Group
Zend Engine v3.2.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2018 Zend Technologies

//配置php-fpm
[root@liping php-7.2.8]# cp php.ini-production /etc/php.ini
[root@liping php-7.2.8]# cp sapi/fpm/init.d.php-fpm /etc/init.d/php-fpm
[root@liping php-7.2.8]# chmod +x /etc/rc.d/init.d/php-fpm
[root@liping php-7.2.8]# cp /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf.default /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf
[root@liping php-7.2.8]# cp /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf.default /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf

//编辑php-fpm的配置文件(/usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf):
//配置fpm的相关选项为你所需要的值:
[root@liping php-7.2.8]# vim /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf
.....
.....
pm.max_children = 50    ;最多同时提供50个进程提供50个并发服务
pm.start_servers = 5    ;启动时启动5个进程
pm.min_spare_servers = 2    ;最小空闲进程数
pm.max_spare_servers = 8    ;最大空闲进程数

//启动php-fpm
[root@liping php-7.2.8]# service php-fpm start
Starting php-fpm done
[root@liping php-7.2.8]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*                  
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*                  
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:9000 *:*                  
LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::*                  
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*                  
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*                  
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*    

3.4 配置apache

3.4.1 启用代理模块

在apache httpd 2.4以后已经专门有一个模块针对FastCGI的实现,此模块为mod_proxy_fcgi.so,它其实是作为mod_proxy.so模块的扩展,因此,这两个模块都要加载,编辑httpd.conf文件,取消以下两行内容的注释:

LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so
LoadModule proxy_fcgi_module modules/mod_proxy_fcgi.so

//启用httpd的相关模块
[root@liping ~]# sed -i '/proxy_module/s/#//g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
[root@liping ~]# sed -i '/proxy_fcgi_module/s/#//g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf

3.4.2 配置虚拟主机

在需要使用fcgi的虚拟主机中添加类似如下两行:


ProxyRequests Off       //关闭正向代理
ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/PATH/TO/DOCUMENT_ROOT/$1

例如:


ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/var/www/html/idfsoft.com/$1

以上设置表示把以.php结尾的文件请求发送到php-fpm进程,php-fpm至少需要知道运行的目录和URI,所以这里直接在fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000后指明了这两个参数,其它参数的传递已经被mod_proxy_fcgi.so进行了封装,不需要手动指定。

注意:

这里写的/var/www/html/是yum源安装方式生成的网页存放目录,这里必须改成你编译安装指定的网页存放路径,禁止直接复制我这里的路径
这里的idfsoft.com是域名,你必须改成你所使用的域名,禁止直接复制此处的域名
这里的$1表示匹配所有以.php结尾的http请求


//创建虚拟主机目录并生成php测试页面
[root@liping ~]# mkdir /usr/local/apache/htdocs/liping.com
[root@liping ~]# cat > /usr/local/apache/htdocs/liping.com/index.php <<EOF

> <?php

> phpinfo();

> ?>

> EOF

[root@liping ~]# chown -R apache.apache /usr/local/apache/htdocs/

[root@liping ~]# ll /usr/local/apache/htdocs/ -d

drwxr-xr-x. 3 apache apache 42 12月 18 15:17 /usr/local/apache/htdocs/




//在配置文件的最后加入以下内容
[root@liping ~]# vim /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf

<VirtualHost *:80>
    DocumentRoot "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/liping.com"
    ServerName www.liping.com
    ProxyRequests Off
    ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/usr/local/apache/htdocs/liping.com/$1
    <Directory "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/liping.com">
        Options none
        AllowOverride none
        Require all granted
    </Directory>
</VirtualHost> 


//搜索AddType,添加以下内容
[root@liping ~]# vim /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf

# If the AddEncoding directives above are commented-out, then you
    # probably should define those extensions to indicate media types:
    #
    AddType application/x-compress .Z
    AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz
    AddType application/x-httpd-php .php        #添加此行
    AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps        #添加此行
[root@liping ~]# sed -i '/ DirectoryIndex/s/index.html/index.php index.html/g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf



//重启apache服务
[root@liping ~]# apachectl restart
[root@liping ~]# ss -antl

State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port              

LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*                  

LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*                  

LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:9000 *:*                  

LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::*                  

LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*                  

LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*                  

LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::* 

3.5 验证

1.修改/etc/hosts文件,添加域名与IP的映射
2.在浏览器上使用域名访问,若看到以下界面则表示lamp架构搭建成功,否则请检查你的操作

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/liping0826/p/12060205.html