设计模式11---组合模式(Composite Pattern)

一、组合模式定义

将对象组合成树形结构以表示“部分-整体”的层次结构,使得用户对单个对象和组合对象的使用具有一致性。Compose objects into tree structures to represent part-whole hierarchies. Composite lets clients treat individual objects and compositions of objects uniformly.

     

 

    如上图所示(截取自《Head First Design Patterns》一书),主要包括三个部分: 

    1. Component抽象组件。定义参加组合对象的共有方法和属性,可以定义一些默认的函数或属性。 

    2. Leaf叶子节点。构成组合树的最小构建单元。 

    3. Composite树枝节点组件。它的作用是组合树枝节点和叶子节点形成一个树形结构。 

Component : 组合中的对象声明接口,在适当的情况下,实现所有类共有接口的默认行为。声明一个接口用于访问和管理 Component 的子部件。

 1 abstract class Component {
 2     protected String name;
 3 
 4     public Component(String name) {
 5         this.name = name;
 6     }
 7 
 8     public abstract void Add(Component c);
 9     public abstract void Remove(Component c);
10     public abstract void Display(int depth);
11 }

Leaf : 表示叶节点对象。叶子节点没有子节点。

 1 class Leaf extends Component {
 2 
 3     public Leaf(String name) {
 4         super(name);
 5     }
 6 
 7     @Override
 8     public void Add(Component c) {
 9         System.out.println("Can not add to a leaf");
10     }
11 
12     @Override
13     public void Remove(Component c) {
14         System.out.println("Can not remove from a leaf");
15     }
16 
17     @Override
18     public void Display(int depth) {
19         String temp = "";
20         for (int i = 0; i < depth; i++) 
21             temp += '-';
22         System.out.println(temp + name);
23     }
24 
25 }

Composite : 定义枝节点行为,用来存储子部件,在 Component 接口中实现与子部件相关的操作。例如 Add 和 Remove。

 1 class Composite extends Component {
 2 
 3     private List<Component> children = new ArrayList<Component>();
 4 
 5     public Composite(String name) {
 6         super(name);
 7     }
 8 
 9     @Override
10     public void Add(Component c) {
11         children.add(c);
12     }
13 
14     @Override
15     public void Remove(Component c) {
16         children.remove(c);
17     }
18 
19     @Override
20     public void Display(int depth) {
21         String temp = "";
22         for (int i = 0; i < depth; i++) 
23             temp += '-';
24         System.out.println(temp + name);
25 
26         for (Component c : children) {
27             c.Display(depth + 2);
28         }
29     }
30 
31 }

Client : 通过 Component 接口操作结构中的对象。

 1 public class CompositePattern {
 2 
 3 public static void main(String[] args) {
 4     Composite root = new Composite("root");
 5     root.Add(new Leaf("Leaf A"));
 6     root.Add(new Leaf("Leaf B"));
 7 
 8     Composite compX = new Composite("Composite X");
 9     compX.Add(new Leaf("Leaf XA"));
10     compX.Add(new Leaf("Leaf XB"));
11     root.Add(compX);
12 
13     Composite compXY = new Composite("Composite XY");
14     compXY.Add(new Leaf("Leaf XYA"));
15     compXY.Add(new Leaf("Leaf XYB"));
16     compX.Add(compXY);
17 
18     root.Display(1);
19 }
20 
21 }

二、组合模式优势 

  节点自由扩展增加。使用组合模式,如果想增加一个树枝节点或者叶子节点都是很简单的,只要找到它的父节点就可以了,非常容易扩展,符合“开闭原则”。应用最广的模式之一。应用在维护和展示部分-整体关系的场景,如树形菜单、文件夹管理等等。一棵树形结构的所有节点都是Component,局部和整体对调用者来说都是一样的,没有区别,所以高层模块不比关心自己处理的是单个对象还是整个组合结构,简化了高层模块的代码。

   1、可以清楚地定义分层次的复杂对象,表示对象的全部或部分层次,使得增加新构件也更容易。

      2、客户端调用简单,客户端可以一致的使用组合结构或其中单个对象。

      3、定义了包含叶子对象和容器对象的类层次结构,叶子对象可以被组合成更复杂的容器对象,而这个容器对象又可以被组合,这样不断递归下去,可以形成复杂的树形结构。

      4、更容易在组合体内加入对象构件,客户端不必因为加入了新的对象构件而更改原有代码。

组合模式的缺点: 使设计变得更加抽象,对象的业务规则如果很复杂,则实现组合模式具有很大挑战性,而且不是所有的方法都与叶子对象子类都有关联。

使用场景:

    1、需要表示一个对象整体或部分层次,在具有整体和部分的层次结构中,希望通过一种方式忽略整体与部分的差异,可以一致地对待它们。

      2、让客户能够忽略不同对象层次的变化,客户端可以针对抽象构件编程,无须关心对象层次结构的细节。

 三、组合模式在Android源码中的应用 

    在Android源码中,都能找到使用组合模式的例子,其中在《Android源码学习之观察者模式应用》介绍到的ViewGroup和View的结构就是一个组合模式,结构图如下所示: 

     现在来看看它们是如何利用组合模式组织在一起的,首先在View类定义了有关具体操作,然后在ViewGroup类中继承View类,并添加相关的增加、删除和查找孩子View节点,代码如下: 

/*
* @attr ref android.R.styleable#ViewGroup_clipChildren * @attr ref android.R.styleable#ViewGroup_clipToPadding * @attr ref android.R.styleable#ViewGroup_layoutAnimation * @attr ref android.R.styleable#ViewGroup_animationCache * @attr ref android.R.styleable#ViewGroup_persistentDrawingCache * @attr ref android.R.styleable#ViewGroup_alwaysDrawnWithCache * @attr ref android.R.styleable#ViewGroup_addStatesFromChildren * @attr ref android.R.styleable#ViewGroup_descendantFocusability * @attr ref android.R.styleable#ViewGroup_animateLayoutChanges */ public abstract class ViewGroup extends View implements ViewParent, ViewManager {

 接着看增加孩子节点函数: 

  /**
     * Adds a child view. If no layout parameters are already set on the child, the
     * default parameters for this ViewGroup are set on the child.
     *
     * @param child the child view to add
     *
     * @see #generateDefaultLayoutParams()
     */
    public void addView(View child) {
        addView(child, -1);
    }

    /**
     * Adds a child view. If no layout parameters are already set on the child, the
     * default parameters for this ViewGroup are set on the child.
     *
     * @param child the child view to add
     * @param index the position at which to add the child
     *
     * @see #generateDefaultLayoutParams()
     */
    public void addView(View child, int index) {
        LayoutParams params = child.getLayoutParams();
        if (params == null) {
            params = generateDefaultLayoutParams();
            if (params == null) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("generateDefaultLayoutParams() cannot return null");
            }
        }
        addView(child, index, params);
    }

    /**
     * Adds a child view with this ViewGroup's default layout parameters and the
     * specified width and height.
     *
     * @param child the child view to add
     */
    public void addView(View child, int width, int height) {
        final LayoutParams params = generateDefaultLayoutParams();
        params.width = width;
        params.height = height;
        addView(child, -1, params);
    }

    /**
     * Adds a child view with the specified layout parameters.
     *
     * @param child the child view to add
     * @param params the layout parameters to set on the child
     */
    public void addView(View child, LayoutParams params) {
        addView(child, -1, params);
    }

    /**
     * Adds a child view with the specified layout parameters.
     *
     * @param child the child view to add
     * @param index the position at which to add the child
     * @param params the layout parameters to set on the child
     */
    public void addView(View child, int index, LayoutParams params) {
        if (DBG) {
            System.out.println(this + " addView");
        }

        // addViewInner() will call child.requestLayout() when setting the new LayoutParams
        // therefore, we call requestLayout() on ourselves before, so that the child's request
        // will be blocked at our level
        requestLayout();
        invalidate(true);
        addViewInner(child, index, params, false);
    } 

    在ViewGroup中我们找到了添加addView()方法,有了增加孩子节点,肯定有相对应删除孩子节点的方法,接着看:  

 1 @Override
 2 public void removeView(View view) {
 3      if (removeViewInternal(view)) {
 4          requestLayout();
 5          invalidate(true);
 6      }
 7  }
 8 private boolean removeViewInternal(View view) {
 9     final int index = indexOfChild(view);
10     if (index >= 0) {
11         removeViewInternal(index, view);
12         return true;
13     }
14     return false;
15 }
16 
17 private void removeViewInternal(int index, View view) {
18     if (mTransition != null) {
19         mTransition.removeChild(this, view);
20     }
21 
22     boolean clearChildFocus = false;
23     if (view == mFocused) {
24         view.unFocus(null);
25         clearChildFocus = true;
26     }
27     if (view == mFocusedInCluster) {
28         clearFocusedInCluster(view);
29     }
30 
31     view.clearAccessibilityFocus();
32 
33     cancelTouchTarget(view);
34     cancelHoverTarget(view);
35 
36     if (view.getAnimation() != null ||
37             (mTransitioningViews != null && mTransitioningViews.contains(view))) {
38         addDisappearingView(view);
39     } else if (view.mAttachInfo != null) {
40        view.dispatchDetachedFromWindow();
41     }
42 
43     if (view.hasTransientState()) {
44         childHasTransientStateChanged(view, false);
45     }
46 
47     needGlobalAttributesUpdate(false);
48 
49     removeFromArray(index);
50 
51     if (view == mDefaultFocus) {
52         clearDefaultFocus(view);
53     }
54     if (clearChildFocus) {
55         clearChildFocus(view);
56         if (!rootViewRequestFocus()) {
57             notifyGlobalFocusCleared(this);
58         }
59     }
60 
61     dispatchViewRemoved(view);
62 
63     if (view.getVisibility() != View.GONE) {
64         notifySubtreeAccessibilityStateChangedIfNeeded();
65     }
66 
67     int transientCount = mTransientIndices == null ? 0 : mTransientIndices.size();
68     for (int i = 0; i < transientCount; ++i) {
69         final int oldIndex = mTransientIndices.get(i);
70         if (index < oldIndex) {
71             mTransientIndices.set(i, oldIndex - 1);
72         }
73     }
74 
75     if (mCurrentDragStartEvent != null) {
76         mChildrenInterestedInDrag.remove(view);
77     }
78

     同样的,也有查找获得孩子节点的函数: 

    /**
     * Returns the view at the specified position in the group.
     *
     * @param index the position at which to get the view from
     * @return the view at the specified position or null if the position
     *         does not exist within the group
     */
    public View getChildAt(int index) {
        if (index < 0 || index >= mChildrenCount) {
            return null;
        }
        return mChildren[index];
    } 

    注:其中具体叶子节点,如Button,它是继承TextView的,TextView是继承View的,代码如下: 

public class TextView extends View implements ViewTreeObserver.OnPreDrawListener {
    ......
} 

    注:其中使用(继承)到ViewGroup类的有我们常用的容器类(包装和容纳各种View),如LinearLayout、FrameLayout等,代码如下: 

public class LinearLayout extends ViewGroup {
    public static final int HORIZONTAL = 0;
    public static final int VERTICAL = 1;
    ......
} 
public class FrameLayout extends ViewGroup {
  ...
}

public class RelativeLayout extends ViewGroup {
  private static final String LOG_TAG = "RelativeLayout";

  private static final boolean DEBUG_GRAPH = false;
  ...
}

public class AbsoluteLayout extends ViewGroup {

  public AbsoluteLayout(Context context) {
     super(context);
  }

}
 

四、基本控件继承关系图 

    最后送上“基本控件继承关系图”:

 

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/linghu-java/p/5728308.html