windows编程之菜单操作

分清几个概念

<1>“主菜单” 和 “顶层菜单” 是一个意思。

<2>主菜单中的项目叫做 “弹出菜单” 或者 “子菜单”。

<3>弹出菜单的项目能够是另外一个弹出菜单。

<4>菜单的状态：启用，禁用。无效化，无效化跟前两者的差别是灰色显示文字。

（1）菜单消息

<1>WM_INITMENU

        wParam,   // handle to menu (HMENU)
        lParam    // not used

<2>WM_MENUSELECT

菜单项被选中的时候

       wParam,   // menu item (UINT) and flags (UINT)
       lParam    //handle to menu (HMENU)

当中

LOWORD(wParam)		//被选中项目：菜单ID或者弹出式菜单句柄
HIWORD(wParam)		//选择旗标

旗标是MF_GRAYED、MF_DISABLED、MF_CHECKED、MF_BITMAP、MF_POPUP、MF_HELP、MF_SYSMENU和MF_MOUSESELECT的集合。

<3>WM_INITMENUPOPUP

当下拉菜单被激活的时候就会发出这种消息

WPARAM wParam,   // handle to menu (HMENU)
LPARAM lParam    // item position and indicator

LOWORD（lParam）代表的是菜单项索引，HIWORD（lParam）表示的是TRUE，或者FALSE，菜单是系统菜单的时候表示的TRUE，非系统菜单的时候表示的是FALSE。

<4>WM_COMMAND

表示使用者已经从菜单中选择了一个被启用的菜单项，

LOWORD (wParam)：菜单命令ID

HIWORD(wParam)：0

lParam：0

<5>WM_MENUCHAR

（2）菜单项中的字母的下划线

把字母前面加&字符，就能够出现字母下划线的效果，当用Alt键+ 字符，能够快捷的弹出子菜单，或者运行菜单项命令。

相应属性

（3）菜单项的选中和去选中状态

CheckMenuItem(hMenu, iSelection, MF_UNCHECKED) ;
CheckMenuItem(hMenu, iSelection, MF_CHECKED) ;

（4）关于Menu的函数

关于菜单的操作从大体方向上看无外乎增删改查四种操作。

4.1 HMENUCreateMenu(VOID);

4.2 BOOL AppendMenu( HMENU hMenu, // handle to menu

UINT uFlags, //menu-item options

UINT_PTR uIDNewItem, // identifier, menu, or submenu

LPCTSTR lpNewItem //menu-item content);

当中uFlags 能够是：

MF_BITMAP。MF_OWNERDRAW，MF_STRING

演示样例：

AppendMenu (hMenuPopup, MF_STRING, IDM_APP_EXIT,"E&xit") ;

AppendMenu (hMenu, MF_POPUP, hMenuPopup,"&File") ;

4.3 BOOLInsertMenu( HMENU hMenu, // handle to menu

UINT uPosition, // item that new item precedes

UINT uFlags, // options

UINT_PTR uIDNewItem, // identifier, menu, or submenu

LPCTSTR lpNewItem // menu item content);

这个函数和AppendMenu相比除了uPosition这个參数外，其余全然同样

uPosition：表示被插的位置索引或者菜单ID，详细是哪一个取决于uFlags中是MF_BYCOMMAND还是MF_BYPOSITION。

uIDNewItem：插入项是命令项的时候表示的是ID，插入项是菜单的时候表示的菜单句柄。

lpNewItem：插入项的内容，详细取决于uFlags中包括的MF_BITMAP。MF_STRING。MF_OWNERDRAW

注意：不能放在一起的命令组合

MF_BYCOMMAND and MF_BYPOSITION
MF_DISABLED, MF_ENABLED, and MF_GRAYED
MF_BITMAP, MF_STRING, MF_OWNERDRAW, and MF_SEPARATOR
MF_MENUBARBREAK and MF_MENUBREAK
MF_CHECKED and MF_UNCHECKED

4.4 BOOLInsertMenuItem( HMENU hMenu, // handle to menu

UINT uItem, // identifier or position

BOOL fByPosition, // meaning of uItem

LPCMENUITEMINFO lpmii // menu item information);

typedef struct tagMENUITEMINFO {
  UINT    cbSize; 
  UINT    fMask; 
  UINT    fType; 
  UINT    fState; 
  UINT    wID; 
  HMENU   hSubMenu; 
  HBITMAP hbmpChecked; 
  HBITMAP hbmpUnchecked; 
  ULONG_PTR dwItemData; 
  LPTSTR  dwTypeData; 
  UINT    cch; 
  HBITMAP hbmpItem;
} MENUITEMINFO, *LPMENUITEMINFO;

4.5 BOOL RemoveMenu( HMENU hMenu, // handle to menu

UINT uPosition, // menu item identifier or position

UINT uFlags // options);

4.6 BOOLModifyMenu( HMENU hMnu, // handle to menu

UINT uPosition, // menu item to modify

UINTuFlags, // options

UINT_PTR uIDNewItem, // identifier, menu, or submenu

LPCTSTR lpNewItem // menu item content);

4.7 BOOLDeleteMenu( HMENU hMenu, // handle to menu

UINT uPosition, // menu item identifier or position

UINT uFlags // option);

删除菜单项，假设菜单项时弹出菜单。那么就会释放菜单句柄所指向的内存。

4.7 BOOLDrawMenuBar( HWND hWnd // handle to window);

4.8 HMENUGetSubMenu( HMENU hMenu, // handle to menu

int nPos // menu item position);

当菜单条发生变化时候。必须调用这个函数又一次绘制菜单//常常验证。未必

（6）右键菜单

右键菜单跟一般的菜单没什么差别。仅仅是弹出的时候。须要用到这个函数

BOOLTrackPopupMenu(  HMENU hMenu,         // handle to shortcut menu
  UINT uFlags,         // options 
  int x,               // horizontal position
  int y,               // vertical position
  int nReserved,       // reserved, must be zero
  HWND hWnd,           // handle to owner window
  CONST RECT *prcRect  // ignored);

当中的uFlags參数指定了菜单中菜单中的对齐方式，左键右键选定菜单项

TPM_CENTERALIGN。TMP_LEFTALIGN。TMP_RIGHTALIGN

TPM_BOTTOMALIGN, TPM_TOPALIGN, TPM_VCENTERALIGN

TPM_LEFTBUTTPON,TPM_RIGHTBUTTON

TPM_NONOTIFY, TPM_RETURNCMD

（7）系统菜单

获取系统菜单句柄

HMENU GetSystemMenu(

HWNDhWnd, // handle to window

BOOL bRevert // reset option);

当中bRevert = FALSE时候。表示。复制系统的菜单，而且返回复制菜单的句柄，这个菜单能够进行改动。当bRevert = TRUE 时，设置系统菜单为默认的原始状态。而且函数返回值是NULL.

(8) 加速键

加速键也是一种资源，它能够使用快捷键迅速的打开命令项。加速键能够在在资源中自己加入，也能够直接使用程序编写。

加速键中基本的改变的code有

while(GetMessage(&msg,NULL,0,0))
{
if (!TranslateAccelerator(hWnd,hAccel,&msg))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
}

在这里 TranslateAccelerator函数把一些按键消息翻译成WM_COMMAND，或者WM_SYSCOMMAND消息。

（9）代码演示样例

一下演示样例是一个全然依靠code不依赖创建资源的菜单demo，当中包括菜单条。右键菜单，系统菜单，加速键能够对菜单进行动态的改动，删除。加入操作。

#define OEMRESOURCE
# include<Windows.h>

#define IDM_FILE_OPEN	100
#define IDM_FILE_NEW	101
#define IDM_FILE_PIC	102
#define IDM_FILE_EXIT	103
#define IDM_MENU_ADD	104
#define	IDM_MENU_REM	105
#define IDM_MENU_DEL	106
#define IDM_MENU_MOD	107
#define	IDM_ABOUT		108
#define IDM_VERSION		109
#define IDM_MENU_NEW	110

#define	IDM_POP_ONE		200
#define IDM_POP_TWO		201

#define IDM_SYS_ONE		300
#define IDM_SYS_TWO		301

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd,UINT msg,WPARAM wParam,LPARAM lParam);
HMENU	createOwnMenu(HWND hwnd);
HMENU	createPopMenu(HWND hwnd);
HACCEL	createAccelerator(HWND hwnd);
TCHAR* szAppName = TEXT("MenuClass");
TCHAR* szWndName = TEXT("ChangeMenu");
HACCEL	hAccel	 = NULL;


int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,HINSTANCE hPreInstance,LPSTR lpCmdLine,int iCmdShow)
{
	WNDCLASS	wndCls;
	HWND		hWnd;
	MSG			msg;


	wndCls.cbClsExtra = 0;
	wndCls.cbWndExtra = 0;
	wndCls.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
	wndCls.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
	wndCls.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
	wndCls.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL,IDC_ARROW);
	wndCls.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL,IDI_APPLICATION);
	wndCls.hInstance = hInstance;
	wndCls.lpszClassName = szAppName;
	wndCls.lpszMenuName = NULL;

	if(!RegisterClass(&wndCls)) 
	{
		MessageBox(NULL,TEXT("Register window failed"),TEXT("Error"),MB_OK);
	}

	hWnd = CreateWindow(szAppName,szWndName,WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
			CW_USEDEFAULT,CW_USEDEFAULT,CW_USEDEFAULT,CW_USEDEFAULT,
			NULL,NULL,hInstance,NULL);

	UpdateWindow(hWnd);
	ShowWindow(hWnd,SW_NORMAL);

	while(GetMessage(&msg,NULL,0,0))
	{
		if(!TranslateAccelerator(hWnd,hAccel,&msg))
		TranslateMessage(&msg);
		DispatchMessage(&msg);
	}

	return msg.wParam;
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd,UINT msg,WPARAM wParam,LPARAM lParam)
{
	static int nAdd = 1;
	HMENU hMenu,hSonMenu,hTmpMenu;
	HMENU hTrack,hSon;
	HMENU hSysMenu;
	POINT pt;

	switch(msg)
	{
	case WM_CREATE:
		hMenu = createOwnMenu(hwnd);
		SetMenu(hwnd,hMenu);
		hSysMenu = GetSystemMenu(hwnd,FALSE);
		AppendMenu(hSysMenu,MF_SEPARATOR,0,NULL);
		AppendMenu(hSysMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_SYS_ONE,TEXT("SysOne"));
		AppendMenu(hSysMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_SYS_TWO,TEXT("SysTwo"));
		hAccel = createAccelerator(hwnd);
		break;
	case WM_SYSCOMMAND:
		switch(LOWORD(wParam))
		{
		case IDM_SYS_ONE:
			MessageBox(NULL,TEXT("This is added system menu item1"),NULL,MB_OK);
			break;
		case IDM_SYS_TWO:
			MessageBox(NULL,TEXT("This is added system menu item2"),NULL,MB_OK);
			break;
		}
		break;
	case WM_COMMAND:
		hMenu = GetMenu(hwnd);
		switch(LOWORD(wParam))
		{
		case IDM_FILE_OPEN:
			MessageBox(NULL,TEXT("File Open selected"),TEXT("Test check"),MB_OK);
			break;
		case IDM_MENU_ADD:
			hTmpMenu = GetSubMenu(hMenu,2);
			AppendMenu(hTmpMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_MENU_NEW+nAdd,TEXT("New Item"));
			nAdd++;
			DrawMenuBar(hwnd);
			break;
		case IDM_MENU_REM:
			hTmpMenu = GetSubMenu(hMenu,2);
			if( nAdd >1 )
			{
				nAdd--;
				RemoveMenu(hTmpMenu,IDM_MENU_NEW+nAdd,MF_BYCOMMAND);
			}
			// 当菜单项时弹出菜单的时候，只切断弹出菜单跟所属菜单的联系，但不销毁对象
			/*GetSubMenu(hTmpMenu,2);
			RemoveMenu(hTmpMenu,2,MF_BYPOSITION);*/
			DrawMenuBar(hwnd);
			break;
		case IDM_MENU_MOD:
			hTmpMenu = GetSubMenu(hMenu,2);
			ModifyMenu(hTmpMenu,0,MF_BYPOSITION,IDM_ABOUT,TEXT("Modified Item"));
			DrawMenuBar(hwnd);
			break;
		case IDM_MENU_DEL:
			hTmpMenu = GetSubMenu(hMenu,2);
			DeleteMenu(hTmpMenu,2,MF_BYPOSITION);
			DrawMenuBar(hwnd);
			break;
		}
		break;
	case WM_RBUTTONDOWN:
		hTrack	= createPopMenu(hwnd);
		hSon	= GetSubMenu(hTrack,0);
		pt.x = LOWORD(lParam);
		pt.y = HIWORD(lParam);
		ClientToScreen(hwnd,&pt);
		TrackPopupMenu(hSon,TPM_LEFTBUTTON| TPM_RIGHTALIGN,pt.x,pt.y,0,hwnd,NULL);
		break;
	case WM_DESTROY:
		PostQuitMessage(0);
		break;
	}

	return DefWindowProc(hwnd,msg,wParam,lParam);
}

HMENU createOwnMenu(HWND hwnd)
{
	HMENU hMenu		= CreateMenu();
	HMENU hPopMenu	= CreateMenu();
	//MF_BYPOSIOTION,MF_BYCOMMAND is not useful here in AppendMenu
	AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING|MF_CHECKED|MF_GRAYED,IDM_FILE_OPEN,TEXT("&Open"));
	InsertMenu(hPopMenu,0,MF_BYPOSITION|MF_STRING|MF_DISABLED,IDM_FILE_NEW,TEXT("&New"));
	
	HINSTANCE hInstance = (HINSTANCE)GetWindowLong(hwnd,GWL_HINSTANCE);
	HBITMAP hBmp = (HBITMAP)LoadImage(hInstance,TEXT("bitmap1.bmp"),IMAGE_BITMAP,0,0,LR_LOADFROMFILE);
	AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_BITMAP,IDM_FILE_PIC,(LPCWSTR)hBmp);
	AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_SEPARATOR,NULL,NULL);
	AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_FILE_EXIT,TEXT("&Exit"));
	SetMenuItemBitmaps(hPopMenu,IDM_FILE_PIC,MF_BYCOMMAND,hBmp,hBmp);
	AppendMenu(hMenu,MF_POPUP,(UINT_PTR)hPopMenu,TEXT("File"));
	

	hPopMenu = CreateMenu();
	AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_MENU_ADD,TEXT("&Add"));
	AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_MENU_REM,TEXT("&Remove"));
	AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_MENU_MOD,TEXT("&Modify"));
	AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_MENU_DEL,TEXT("&Delete"));
	AppendMenu(hMenu,MF_POPUP,(UINT_PTR)hPopMenu,TEXT("Menu"));

	hPopMenu = CreateMenu();
	AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_ABOUT,TEXT("About"));
	AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_VERSION,TEXT("Version"));
	HMENU hSonMenu = CreateMenu();
	AppendMenu(hSonMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_MENU_NEW,TEXT("Son"));
	AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_POPUP,(UINT_PTR)hSonMenu,TEXT("Son Menu"));
	AppendMenu(hMenu,MF_POPUP,(UINT_PTR)hPopMenu,TEXT("Change"));

	return hMenu;
}

HMENU createPopMenu(HWND hwnd)
{
	HMENU hMenu = CreateMenu();
	HMENU hPop	= CreateMenu();
	AppendMenu(hPop,MF_STRING,IDM_POP_ONE,TEXT("One"));
	AppendMenu(hPop,MF_STRING,IDM_POP_TWO,TEXT("Twod"));

	AppendMenu(hMenu,MF_POPUP,(UINT_PTR)hPop,TEXT("Pop"));
	return  hMenu;

}

HACCEL	createAccelerator(HWND hwnd)
{
	ACCEL acce[2];
	acce[0].fVirt = FCONTROL | FNOINVERT | FVIRTKEY;
	acce[0].key = 'A';
	acce[0].cmd = IDM_MENU_ADD;
	acce[1].fVirt = FCONTROL | FNOINVERT | FVIRTKEY;
	acce[1].key = 'R';
	acce[1].cmd = IDM_MENU_REM;

	HACCEL hAccel = CreateAcceleratorTable(acce,2);
	return hAccel;
}