Git复习（五）之多人协作、git push失败、git pull失败

多人协作

多人协作时，大家都会往master和dev分支上推送各自的修改。

现在，模拟一个你的小伙伴，可以在另一台电脑（注意要把SSH Key添加到GitHub）或者同一台电脑的另一个目录下克隆：

$ git clone git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git
Cloning into 'learngit'...
remote: Counting objects: 40, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (21/21), done.
remote: Total 40 (delta 14), reused 40 (delta 14), pack-reused 0
Receiving objects: 100% (40/40), done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (14/14), done.

当你的小伙伴从远程库clone时，默认情况下，你的小伙伴只能看到本地的master分支。不信可以用git branch命令看看：

$ git branch
* master

现在，你的小伙伴要在dev分支上开发，就必须创建远程origin的dev分支到本地，于是他用这个命令创建本地dev分支：

$ git checkout -b dev origin/dev

现在，他就可以在dev上继续修改，然后，时不时地把dev分支push到远程：

$ git add env.txt

$ git commit -m "add env"
[dev 7a5e5dd] add env
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 env.txt

$ git push origin dev
Counting objects: 3, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 308 bytes | 308.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git
   f52c633..7a5e5dd  dev -> dev

推送失败

你的小伙伴已经向origin/dev分支推送了他的提交，而碰巧你也对同样的文件作了修改，并试图推送：

$ cat env.txt
env

$ git add env.txt

$ git commit -m "add new env"
[dev 7bd91f1] add new env
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 env.txt

$ git push origin dev
To github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git
 ! [rejected]        dev -> dev (non-fast-forward)
error: failed to push some refs to 'git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the tip of your current branch is behind
hint: its remote counterpart. Integrate the remote changes (e.g.
hint: 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.

推送失败，则因为远程分支比你的本地更新，解决办法也很简单，Git已经提示我们，先用git pull把最新的提交从origin/dev抓下来，再推送：

$ git pull
There is no tracking information for the current branch.
Please specify which branch you want to merge with.
See git-pull(1) for details.

    git pull <remote> <branch>

If you wish to set tracking information for this branch you can do so with:

    git branch --set-upstream-to=origin/<branch> dev

拉取失败

git pull也失败了，原因是没有指定本地dev分支与远程origin/dev分支的链接，根据提示，设置dev和origin/dev的链接：

$ git branch --set-upstream-to=origin/dev dev
Branch 'dev' set up to track remote branch 'dev' from 'origin'.

再pull：

$ git pull
Auto-merging env.txt
CONFLICT (add/add): Merge conflict in env.txt
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.

这回git pull成功，但是合并有冲突，需要手动解决，解决的方法和分支管理中的解决冲突完全一样。解决后，提交，再push：

$ git commit -m "fix env conflict"
[dev 57c53ab] fix env conflict

$ git push origin dev
Counting objects: 6, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (4/4), done.
Writing objects: 100% (6/6), 621 bytes | 621.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 6 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git
   7a5e5dd..57c53ab  dev -> dev

多人协作的工作模式通常是这样：

首先，可以试图用git push origin <branch-name>推送自己的修改；
如果推送失败，则因为远程分支比你的本地更新，需要先用git pull试图合并；
如果合并有冲突，则解决冲突，并在本地提交；
没有冲突或者解决掉冲突后，再用git push origin <branch-name>推送就能成功！

　　如果git pull提示no tracking information，则说明本地分支和远程分支的链接关系没有创建，用命令git branch --set-upstream-to <branch-name> origin/<branch-name>。