数据在以太网中的传输有长度有一个限制，其最大值一般情况下是1500字节。链路层的这个特性叫作MTU，也就是最大传输单元。不同类型的网络会有所不同的。如果IP层有一个数据报要传输，而且数据的长度比链路层的MTU还要大的话，那么IP层就需要进行分片。把数据分成更小的片，这样每一个小的片就小于了MTU，也就可以在以太网中传输。
Path MTU Discovery
Path MTU Discovery (PMTUD) is a standardized technique in computer networking for determining the maximum transmission unit (MTU) size on the network path between two Internet Protocol (IP) hosts, usually with the goal of avoiding IP fragmentation. PMTUD was originally intended for routers in Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4),[1] however all modern operating systems use it on endpoints. In IPv6 this function has been explicitly delegated to the end points of a communications session.[2]
For IPv4 packets, Path MTU Discovery works by setting the Don't Fragment (DF) option bit in the IP headers of outgoing packets. Then, any device along the path whose MTU is smaller than the packet will drop it, and send back an Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Fragmentation Needed (Type 3, Code 4) message containing its MTU, allowing the source host to reduce its Path MTU appropriately. The process is repeated until the MTU is small enough to traverse the entire path without fragmentation.
IPv6 routers do not support fragmentation or the Don't Fragment option. For IPv6, Path MTU Discovery works by initially assuming the path MTU is the same as the MTU on the link layer interface through which the traffic is being sent. Then, similar to IPv4, any device along the path whose MTU is smaller than the packet will drop the packet and send back an ICMPv6 Packet Too Big (Type 2) message containing its MTU, allowing the source host to reduce its Path MTU appropriately. The process is repeated until the MTU is small enough to traverse the entire path without fragmentation.[3]
If the Path MTU changes after the connection is set up and is lower than the previously determined Path MTU, the first large packet will cause an ICMP error and the new, lower Path MTU will be found. Conversely, if PMTUD finds that the path allows a larger MTU than is possible on the lower link, the OS will periodically reprobe to see if the path has changed and now allows larger packets. On both Linux and Windows this timer is set by default to ten minutes.[4][5]
Contents |
Problems with PMTUD
Many network security devices block all ICMP messages for perceived security benefits,[6] including the errors that are necessary for the proper operation of PMTUD. This can result in connections that complete the TCP three-way handshake correctly, but then hang when data is transferred. This state is referred to as a black hole connection.[7]
Some implementations of PMTUD attempt to prevent this problem by inferring that large payload packets have been dropped due to MTU rather than because of link congestion. However, in order for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) to operate most efficiently, ICMP Unreachable messages (type 3) should be permitted. A robust method for PMTUD that relies on TCP or another protocol to probe the path with progressively larger packets has been standardized in RFC 4821.[8]
A workaround used by some routers is to change the maximum segment size (MSS) of all TCP connections passing through links with MTU lower than the Ethernet default of 1500. This is known as MSS clamping.[9]
See also
References
- ^ RFC 1191, Path MTU Discovery, J. Mogul, S. Deering (November 1990)
- ^ RFC 1981, Path MTU Discovery for IP version 6, J. McCann, S. Deering, J. Mogul (August 1996)
- ^ Davies, Joseph (2012). Understanding IPv6 (3rd ed.). Microsoft Press. pp. 146–147. ISBN 9780735659148.
- ^ linux source code see line with "mtu_expires" 10 * 60 seconds
- ^ Davies, Joseph (2012). Understanding IPv6 (3rd ed.). Microsoft Press. p. 147. ISBN 9780735659148.
- ^ Michael Mullins (2003-10-21). "Prevent hacker probing by blocking ICMP traffic". Retrieved 2013-07-12.
- ^ RFC 2923, TCP Problems with Path MTU Discovery, K. Lahey (September 2000)
- ^ RFC 4821, Packetization Layer Path MTU Discovery, M. Mathis, J. Heffner (March 2007)
- ^ "Circumventing Path MTU Discovery issues with MSS Clamping".