python3之前的版本用Tkinter,之后用的是tkinter
最简单的使用Tkinter的代码，首先要Tk()建立一个窗口，然后加进各种Widget
from Tkinter import * window = Tk() label = Label(window, text = "Welcome to Python") button = Button(window, text = "Click me") label.pack() button.pack() window.mainloop()
Tkinter编程是基于事件驱动型的，当点击一个按键时，可以通过一个函数处理这个事件
from Tkinter import *
def processOK():
print("OK")
def processCancel():
print("Cancel")
window = Tk()
btOK = Button(window, text = "OK", fg = "red", command = processOK)
btCancel = Button(window, text = "Cancel", bg = "yellow", command = processCancel)
btOK.pack()
btCancel.pack()
window.mainloop()
其中参数command就是绑定的函数
还有各种可用的Widget Classes
- Button
- Canvas
- Checkbutton
- Entry
- Frame
- Label
- Menu
- Menubutton
- Message
- Radiobutton
- Text
可以直接修改widget的某项属性：
btShowOrHide = Button(window, text = "Show", bg = "white") btShowOrHide["text"] = "Hide" btShowOrHide["bg"] = "red" btShowOrHide["fg"] = "#AB84F9" # Change fg color to #AB84F9 btShowOrHide["cursor"] = "plus" # Change mouse cursor to plus btShowOrHide["justify"] = LEFT # Set justify to LEFT
IntVar(), StringVar()
from Tkinter import *
class WidgetsDemo:
def __init__(self):
window = Tk()
window.title('Widgets Demo')
frame1 = Frame(window)
frame1.pack()
self.v1 = IntVar()
self.v2 = IntVar()
rbRed = Radiobutton(frame1, text = "Red", bg = "red", variable = self.v2, value = 1, command = self.processRadiobutton)
rbYellow = Radiobutton(frame1, text = "Yellow", bg = "yellow", variable = self.v2, value = 2, command = self.processRadiobutton)
rbRed.grid(row = 1, column = 2)
rbYellow.grid(row = 1, column = 3)
frame2 = Frame(window)
frame2.pack()
label = Label(frame2, text = "Enter your name : ")
self.name = StringVar()
entryName = Entry(frame2, textvariable = self.name)
btGetName = Button(frame2, text = "get name", command = self.processButton)
message = Message(frame2, text = "it is a widgets demo")
label.grid(row = 1, column = 1)
entryName.grid(row = 1, column = 2)
btGetName.grid(row = 1, column = 3)
message.grid(row = 1, column = 4)
window.mainloop()
def processRadiobutton(self):
print(("Red" if self.v2.get() == 1 else "Yellow") + " is selected")
def processButton(self):
print("Your name is " + self.name.get())
WidgetsDemo()
上面代码中两种颜色的按键与IntVar()类型变量绑定，分别赋值１和２，然后可以用get()得到IntVar()的值，而输入文本窗口则绑定字符串变量StringVar()
Canvas: 可以用来展示一些图形
from Tkinter import *
class CanvasDemo:
def __init__(self):
window = Tk()
window.title("canvas demo")
self.canvas = Canvas(window, width = 200, height = 100, bg = "white")
self.canvas.pack()
frame = Frame(window)
frame.pack()
btRectangle = Button(frame, text = "tectangle", command = self.displayRect)
btRectangle.grid(row = 1, column = 1)
window.mainloop()
def displayRect(self):
self.canvas.create_rectangle(10, 10, 190, 90, tags = "rect")
CanvasDemo()
Menus
menubar = Menu(window) window.config(menu = menubar) # Display the menu bar operationMenu = Menu(menubar, tearoff = 0) menubar.add_cascade(label = "Operation", menu = operationMenu) # 菜单头 operationMenu.add_command(label = "Add", command = self.add) operationMenu.add_command(...) # 增加菜单选项 exitmenu = Menu(menubar, tearoff = 0) menubar.add_cascade(label = "Exit", menu = exitmenu) exitmenu.add_command(label = "Quit", command = window.quit)
Popup Menus
from Tkinter import *
class PopupMenuDemo:
def __init__(self):
window = Tk()
window.title("popup menu demo")
self.menu = Menu(window, tearoff = 0)
self.menu.add_command(label = "draw a line", command = self.displayLine)
self.menu.add_command(label = "draw an oval", command = ...)
def displayLine(self):
...
Mouse, Key events, and Bindings
widget.bind(event, handler)
def popup(event):
menu.post(event.x_root,event.y_root)
| Event | Description |
|---|---|
| <Bi-Motion> | An event occurs when a mouse button is moved while being held down on the widget. |
| <Button-i> | Button-1, Button-2, and Button-3 identify the left, middle, and right buttons. When a mouse button is pressed over the widget, Tkinter automatically grabs the mouse pointer’s location. ButtonPressed-i is synonymous with Button-i. |
| <ButtonReleased-i> | An event occurs when a mouse button is released. |
| <Double-Button-i> | An event occurs when a mouse button is double-clicked. |
| <Enter> | An event occurs when a mouse pointer enters the widget. |
| <Key> | An event occurs when a key is pressed. |
| <Leave> | An event occurs when a mouse pointer leaves the widget. |
| <Return> | An event occurs when the Enter key is pressed. You can bind any key such as A, B, Up, Down, Left, Right in the keyboard with an event. |
| <Shift+A> | An event occurs when the Shift+A keys are pressed. You can combine Alt, Shift, and Control with other keys. |
| <Triple-Button-i> | An event occurs when a mouse button is triple-clicked. |
Event Properties
| Event Properties | Description |
|---|---|
| char | The character entered from the keyboard for key events. |
| keycode | The key code (i.e., Unicode) for the key entered from the keyboard for key events. |
| keysym | The key symbol (i.e., character) for the key entered from the keyboard for key events. |
| num | The button number (1, 2, 3) indicates which mouse button was clicked. |
| widget | The widget object that fires this event. |
| x and y | The current mouse location in the widget in pixels. |
| x_ root and y_root | The current mouse position relative to the upper-left corner of the screen, in pixels. |
from Tkinter import *
class MouseKeyEventDemo:
def __init__(self):
window = Tk()
window.title("event demo")
canvas = Canvas(window, bg = "white", width = 200, height = 100)
canvas.pack()
# Bind with <Button-1> event
canvas.bind("<Button-1>", self.processMouseEvent)
# Bind with <Key> event
canvas.bind("<Key>", self.processKeyEvent)
canvas.focus_set() # 对该窗口设置键盘焦点
window.mainloop()
def processMouseEvent(self, event):
print("clicked at ", event.x, event.y) # 在当前窗口中的坐标
print("position in the screen ", event.x_root, event.y_root) # 在整个屏幕中的坐标
print("which button is clicked?", event.num)
def processKeyEvent(self, event):
print("keysym?", event.keysym)
print("char?", event.char)
print("keycode?", event.keycode)
MouseKeyEventDemo()
运行结果：
('clicked at ', 109, 53)
('position in the screen ', 908, 105)
('which button is clicked?', 1)
('keysym?', 'Shift_L')
('char?', '')
('keycode?', 50)
Animations
# coding: utf-8
from Tkinter import *
class AnimationDemo:
def __init__(self):
window = Tk()
window.title("event demo")
width = 250 # width
canvas = Canvas(window, bg = "white", width = width, height = 50)
canvas.pack()
x = 0 # 初始位置
canvas.create_text(x, 30, text = "message moving?", tags = "text")
dx = 3 # 每次移动距离
while True:
canvas.move("text", dx, 0)
canvas.after(100) # 停止100毫秒
canvas.update()
if x <
x += dx
else:
x = 0
canvas.delete("text")
canvas.create_text(x, 30, text = "message moving?", tags = "text")
window.mainloop()
AnimationDemo()
Scrollbars
scrollbar = Scrollbar(frame) scrollbar.pack(side = RIGHT, fill = Y) text = Text(frame, wrap = WORD, yscrollcommand = scrollbar.set) text.pack() scrollbar.config(command = text.yview)
Standard Dialog Boxes
#coding: utf-8
import tkColorChooser
import tkMessageBox
import tkSimpleDialog
tkMessageBox.showinfo("hello", "some info")
tkMessageBox.showwarning(title, message)
tkMessageBox.showerror(title, message)
isYes = tkMessageBox.askyesno("askyesno", "continue?")
print(isYes)
name = tkSimpleDialog.askstring("askstring", "your name?")
print(name)
height = tkSimpleDialog.askfloat("askfloat", "your height?")
print(height)