python初级实战(1)-----关于邮件发送问题

python发邮件需要掌握两个模块的用法,smtplib和email,这俩模块是python自带的,只需import即可使用。smtplib模块主要负责发送邮件,email模块主要负责构造邮件。

smtplib模块主要负责发送邮件:是一个发送邮件的动作,连接邮箱服务器,登录邮箱,发送邮件(有发件人,收信人,邮件内容)。

email模块主要负责构造邮件:指的是邮箱页面显示的一些构造,如发件人,收件人,主题,正文,附件等。


1.smtplib模块

smtplib使用较为简单。以下是最基本的语法。

导入及使用方法如下:

import smtplib

smtp = smtplib.SMTP() 
smtp.connect('smtp.163.com,25') 
smtp.login(username, password) 
smtp.sendmail(sender, receiver, msg.as_string()) 
smtp.quit()

说明:

1)smtplib.SMTP():实例化SMTP()

2)smtp.connect(host,port):  host:指定连接的邮箱服务器。常用邮箱的smtp服务器地址如下:

新浪邮箱:smtp.sina.com,新浪VIP:smtp.vip.sina.com,搜狐邮箱:smtp.sohu.com,126邮箱:smtp.126.com,139邮箱:smtp.139.com,163网易邮箱:smtp.163.com。

port:指定连接服务器的端口号,默认为25.

3)smtp.login(user,password):

user:登录邮箱的用户名。password:登录邮箱的密码,需要在网页版的网易邮箱中设置授权码,该授权码即为客户端密码。

4)sendmail(from_addr,to_addrs,msg,...):

from_addr:邮件发送者地址; to_addrs:邮件接收者地址。字符串列表['接收地址1','接收地址2','接收地址3',...]或'接收地址'

5)msg:发送消息:邮件内容。一般是msg.as_string():as_string()是将msg(MIMEText对象或者MIMEMultipart对象)变为str。

6)quit():用于结束SMTP会话。


2.email模块

email模块下有mime包,mime英文全称为“Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions”,即多用途互联网邮件扩展,是目前互联网电子邮件普遍遵循的邮件技术规范。

该mime包下常用的有三个模块:text,image,multpart

导入方法如下:

from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart    
from email.mime.text import MIMEText    
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage

构造一个邮件对象就是一个Message对象,如果构造一个MIMEText对象,就表示一个文本邮件对象,如果构造一个MIMEImage对象,就表示一个作为附件的图片,要把多个对象组合起来,就用MIMEMultipart对象,而MIMEBase可以表示任何对象。它们的继承关系如下:

Message
+- MIMEBase             #表示任何对象
   +- MIMEMultipart
   +- MIMENonMultipart  #把多个对象组合起来
      +- MIMEMessage
      +- MIMEText       #文本
      +- MIMEImage      #作为附件的图片

2.1 multpart说明

常见的multipart类型有三种:multipart/alternative, multipart/related和multipart/mixed。

邮件类型为"multipart/alternative"的邮件包括纯文本正文(text/plain)和超文本正文(text/html)。

邮件类型为"multipart/related"的邮件正文中包括图片,声音等内嵌资源。

邮件类型为"multipart/mixed"的邮件包含附件。向上兼容,如果一个邮件有纯文本正文,超文本正文,内嵌资源,附件,则选择mixed类型。

msg = MIMEMultipart('mixed')

我们必须把Subject,From,To添加到MIMEText对象或者MIMEMultipart对象中,邮件中才会显示主题,发件人,收件人。

msg = MIMEMultipart('mixed') 
msg['Subject'] = '这是一个标题'
msg['From'] = 'XXX@163.com <XXX@163.com>'
msg['To'] = 'XXX@126.com'

2.2 发送文本邮件

邮件发送程序为了防止有些邮件阅读软件不能显示处理HTML格式的数据,通常都会用两类型分别为"text/plain"和"text/html"

构造MIMEText对象时,第一个参数是邮件正文,第二个参数是MIME的subtype,最后一定要用utf-8编码保证多语言兼容性。

以上的构造的文本添加到MIMEMultipart('mixed')中

创建一个普通文本:
text = "Hi!
How are you?
Here is the link you wanted:
http://www.baidu.com"
text_plain = MIMEText(text, 'plain', 'utf-8')
msg.attach(text_plain)

仅发送文本邮件:

import smtplib
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText

# 设置smtplib所需的参数
smtpserver = 'smtp.163.com'
username = 'xxxxxx@163.com'
password = 'xxxxxmima'
sender = 'xxxxxx@163.com'
receiver=['11111111@qq.com']
# 收件人为多个收件人
#receiver = ['11111111@qq.com', '22222@qq.com']


# 构造邮件对象MIMEMultipart对象
msg = MIMEMultipart('mixed')
msg['Subject'] = '这个是邮件主题'
msg['From'] = 'xxxxxx@163.com <xxxxxx@163.com>'
msg['To'] = '11111111@qq.com'
# 收件人为多个收件人,通过join将列表转换为以;为间隔的字符串
#msg['To'] = ";".join(receiver)

# 构造文字内容
text = "Hi!
How are you?
Here is the link you wanted:
http://www.baidu.com"
text_plain = MIMEText(text, 'plain', 'utf-8')
msg.attach(text_plain)

# 调用smtplib模块发送邮件
smtp = smtplib.SMTP()
smtp.connect('smtp.163.com')
smtp.login(username, password)
smtp.sendmail(sender, receiver, msg.as_string())
smtp.quit()

2.3 发送超文本附件

内容格式:

html = """
<html>  
  <body>  
    <p> 
       Here is the <a href="http://www.sohu.com">link</a> you wanted.
    </p> 
  </body>  
</html>  
"""
text_html = MIMEText(html,'html', 'utf-8')
text_html["Content-Disposition"] = 'attachment; filename="baidu.html"' 
msg.attach(text_html)

2.4 发送图片

添加图片:

# 构造图片链接
sendimagefile = open(r'D:.jpg', 'rb').read()
image = MIMEImage(sendimagefile)
image.add_header('Content-ID', '<image1>')
image["Content-Disposition"] = 'attachment; filename="testimage.png"'
msg.attach(image)

仅发送图片附件:

import smtplib
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage


# 设置smtplib所需的参数
smtpserver = 'smtp.163.com'
username = 'xxxxxx@163.com'
password = 'xxxxxmima'
sender = 'xxxxxx@163.com'
receiver=['11111111@qq.com']
# 收件人为多个收件人
#receiver = ['11111111@qq.com', '22222@qq.com']


# 构造邮件对象MIMEMultipart对象
msg = MIMEMultipart('mixed')
msg['Subject'] = '这个是邮件主题'
msg['From'] = 'xxxxxx@163.com <xxxxxx@163.com>'
msg['To'] = '11111111@qq.com'
# 收件人为多个收件人,通过join将列表转换为以;为间隔的字符串
#msg['To'] = ";".join(receiver)

# 构造图片链接
sendimagefile = open(r'D:.jpg', 'rb').read()
image = MIMEImage(sendimagefile)
image.add_header('Content-ID', '<image1>')
image["Content-Disposition"] = 'attachment; filename="testimage.png"'
msg.attach(image)

# 调用smtplib模块发送邮件
smtp = smtplib.SMTP()
smtp.connect('smtp.163.com')
smtp.login(username, password)
smtp.sendmail(sender, receiver, msg.as_string())
smtp.quit()

2.5发送附件

import smtplib
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage

# 设置smtplib所需的参数
smtpserver = 'smtp.163.com'
username = 'xxxxxx@163.com'
password = 'xxxxxmima'
sender = 'xxxxxx@163.com'
receiver = ['11111111@qq.com', '22222@qq.com']

# 构造邮件对象MIMEMultipart对象
msg = MIMEMultipart('mixed')
msg['Subject'] = '一个附件'
msg['From'] = 'xxxxxx@163.com <xxxxxx@163.com>'
msg['To'] = ";".join(receiver)

# 构造附件
sendfile = open(r'D:111.txt', 'rb').read()
text_att = MIMEText(sendfile, 'base64', 'utf-8')
text_att["Content-Type"] = 'application/octet-stream'
# 以下附件可以重命名成aaa.txt
text_att["Content-Disposition"] = 'attachment; filename="aaa.txt"'
msg.attach(text_att)

# 发送邮件
smtp = smtplib.SMTP()
smtp.connect('smtp.163.com')
smtp.login(username, password)
smtp.sendmail(sender, receiver, msg.as_string())
smtp.quit()

2.6 文字,html,图片,附件实现实例

import smtplib
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage

# 设置smtplib所需的参数
smtpserver = 'smtp.163.com'
username = 'xxxxxx@163.com'
password = 'xxxxxmima'
sender = 'xxxxxx@163.com'
receiver = ['11111111@qq.com', '22222@qq.com']

# 构造邮件对象MIMEMultipart对象
msg = MIMEMultipart('mixed')
msg['Subject'] = '一个测试邮件'
msg['From'] = 'xxxxxx@163.com <xxxxxx@163.com>'
msg['To'] = ";".join(receiver)

# 构造文字内容
text = "Hi!
How are you?
Here is the link you wanted:
http://www.baidu.com"
text_plain = MIMEText(text, 'plain', 'utf-8')
msg.attach(text_plain)

# 构造图片链接
sendimagefile = open(r'D:.jpg', 'rb').read()
image = MIMEImage(sendimagefile)
image.add_header('Content-ID', '<image1>')
image["Content-Disposition"] = 'attachment; filename="testimage.png"'
msg.attach(image)

# 构造html
html = """
<html>  
  <head></head>  
  <body>  
    <p>Hi!<br>  
       How are you?<br>  
       Here is the <a href="http://www.baidu.com">link</a> you wanted.<br> 
    </p> 
  </body>  
</html>  
"""
text_html = MIMEText(html, 'html', 'utf-8')
text_html["Content-Disposition"] = 'attachment; filename="texthtml.html"'
msg.attach(text_html)

# 构造附件
sendfile = open(r'D:111.txt', 'rb').read()
text_att = MIMEText(sendfile, 'base64', 'utf-8')
text_att["Content-Type"] = 'application/octet-stream'
# 以下附件可以重命名成aaa.txt
text_att["Content-Disposition"] = 'attachment; filename="aaa.txt"'
msg.attach(text_att)

# 发送邮件
try:
    smtp = smtplib.SMTP()
    smtp.connect('smtp.163.com')
    smtp.login(username, password)
    smtp.sendmail(sender, receiver, msg.as_string())
    smtp.quit()
    print("邮件发送成功")
except smtplib.SMTPException:
    print("Error: 无法发送邮件")

 3、定义一个发件函数,方便使用时调用

from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.header import Header
import smtplib


def send_mail(to_addr, message):
    # 构建收发件信息
    from_addr = '1129719492@qq.com'  # 发件邮箱
    password = 'xxxxxx'  # 邮箱密码
    smtp_server = 'smtp.qq.com'  # SMTP服务器,以qq为例

    # 构建邮件信息
    msg = MIMEText(message, 'plain', 'utf-8')  # plain表示纯文本文件,utf-8为了保证兼容性,
    # msg需要有‘Subject’、'From'、'To'三个键值对,其中'Subject'对应的是邮件的标题,'From'是发件人,'To'是收件人
    msg['Subject'] = Header("一封测试邮件", 'utf-8')
    msg['From'] = Header(from_addr)  # 收件信息中发件人名,可以自定义不必与发件人一样
    msg['To'] = Header(to_addr)  # 收件信息中收件人名,可以自定义不必与收件人一样

    try:
        server = smtplib.SMTP(smtp_server, 25)  # 第二个参数为默认端口为25,有些邮件有特殊端口
        print('开始登录')
        server.login(from_addr, password)  # 登录邮箱
        print('登录成功')
        print("邮件开始发送")
        server.sendmail(from_addr, to_addr, msg.as_string())  # 将msg转化成string发出
        server.quit()
        print("邮件发送成功")
    except smtplib.SMTPException as e:
        print("邮件发送失败", e)
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/jinyuanliu/p/10368577.html