第一章 第一节 可充当主语的词类

第一章 句子的构成

任何一个句子一定是由主语及动词构成 S+V

有时主语可以省略,而构成了祈使句。这种祈使句由原形动词(也称为动词不定式)引出。

祈使句变成否定形式时,要在原形动词前加Don't

第一节 可充当主语的词类

名词、代词、动词转变过来的动名词或不定式短语、名词从句、名词短语、表距离的地点副词短语等可以做主语。

动词绝不可直接充当主语,一定要变成动名词或不定式短语。

动名词做主语,通常用以表示已知的事实或经验。

不定式做主语,通常表示一种意愿、目的或未完成的事。

注意:不定式或动名词短语做主语时,往往会形成主语过大的现象,故通常均用代码it做主语,置于句首,而将真主语(亦即不定式或动名词短语)移至句尾。动名词移至句尾时,通常改为不定式短语。

注意:被it代替的动名词短语移至句尾,仍保留动名词形态而不变成不定式短语的用法并不普遍,初学语法者宜尽量避免。

以下句型属例外情形,it要代替动名词短语,不可使用不定式短语:

It is no use + 动名词短语

注意:It is no use + 动名词短语

= It is useless + 不定式短语

= It is of no use + 不定式短语

= There is no ( use | sense | point ) + in + 动名词短语

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句子不能当主语,一定要变成名词从句方可做主语。

所谓句子,就是一开头就是主语的结构。

名词从句一共有三种:that从句、whether从句、疑问词所引导的从句。

任何一个主语起首的句子前面冠以that即成that从句。

whether从句是由可用yes/no回答的问句变化而成

问句有be动词时:主语与be动词还原,前面冠以whether. Is he happy? -> whether he is happy

问句有一般助动词(can,will,may,should,ought to,must,have)时,主语与助动词还原,前面冠以whether. Can he do it?->whether he can do it?

问句有do,does,did等助动词时:主语与助动词还原,再将do,does,did去掉,后面的动词依人称和时态变化.

Did he come? -> whether he did come. -> whether he came.

Does he like it? -> whether he does like it. -> whether he likes it.

疑问词从句是由疑问词(when, what, how, where, why)等引导的问句变化而成。

问句有be动词时:主语与be动词还原,前面保留疑问词。What is he doing? -> what he is doing

问句有一般助动词时:主语与助动词还原,前面保留疑问词。Where can he find it? -> where he can find it

问句有do,does,did等助动词时:主语与助动词还原,前面保留疑问词,再将do,does,did去掉,动词依人称和时态变化。

What did he write?-> what he did write -> what he wrote.

When did he come? -> when he did com -> when he came.

注意:who,what,which(哪一个)为疑问代词,若在问句中做主语,变成名词从句时,结构不变。

Who came here? -> who came here

What happened lst night? -> what happened last night 

Which was bought? -> which was bought 哪个被买走。。。

名词从句的功能:做主语;做动词的宾语;做介词的宾语;

注意:用whether或疑问词引导的名词从句可做介词的宾语,但that从句不可做介词的宾语。

遇到介语,且非要使用that从句时,其补救方法如下:

1)介词 + that fact + that从句 , 这样,就可用the fact 做介词的宾语,而that从句就成了the fact 的同位语。

2)保留介词,但不加the fact,且介词之后的that从句要做适当变化

第一步:除去that; 第二步:that之后的主语变成所有格;第三步:动词变成动名词;

I am worried about that he plays around all day. -> I am worried about his playing around all day.

注意:that从句若有助动词do,does,did时,去掉即可。

I am worried about that he doesn't study. -> I am worried about his not studying.

注意:that从句若有助动词will或would时,去掉即可,但也可以改为be going to,再将be 动词转变为动名词being.

I am sure of that the team will win the game.

->I am sure of the team's winning the game.

或I am sure of that the team is going to win the game. -> I am sure of the team's being going to win the game.

注意:从句若有以下助动词时,做下列变化:

may -> be likely to

can -> be able to 

should/must -> be supposed to 

再将be动词变成动名词being.

I am happy about that he may come -> I am happy about that he is likely to come -> I am happy about his being likely to come.

3)be + adj. + that从句

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去掉介词,将that从句放在形容词后面,使that从句成为副词从句(注:相当于传统语法中的状语从句),修饰该形容词。

I am worried about that he plays around all day. -> I am worried that he plays around all day.

I am sure of that the team has won the game. -> I am sure that the team has won the game.

有时介词之后也可以直接接that从句,前面不需the fact,形成惯用语,要牢记:

in that = because 因为

He is great in that he can speak five different languages.

except that 只可惜

He is nice except that sometimes he lies.

for all that 尽管 = with all that = not withstanding that

For all that he is nice, I don't like him.

= Despite the fact that he is nice, I don't like him.

= In spite of the fact that he is nice, I don't like him.

名词短语是由“疑问词+不定式短语”构成。

疑问副词 where to live ; whether to try again; when to talk to him; how to do it

疑问代词 what to do; whom to see; which to buy; whom to talk to

注意:疑问副词构成的名词短语中,疑问副词因为是副词的性质,故不做不定式短语中及物动词的宾语。但疑问代词构成的名词短语中,疑问代词因具有名词的性质,故一定要做不定式短语中动词或介词的宾语。因此what,whom,which在上述名词短语中,分别做do,see,buy,to(介词)的宾语。

表距离的地点副词短语做主语

From + 地点名词 + to + 地点名词,此为表距离的地点副词短语,亦可做主语,与单数的be动词并用

From Taipei to Taichung is about 160 kilometers.

It is about 160 kilometers from Taipei to Taichung.

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/jimwind/p/3160045.html