PYTHON 常用API ***

1、类型判断

data = b''
data = bytes()
print (type(data))
#<class 'bytes'>
isinstance(123,int) 
if type(L) == type([]):
  print ("yes")
if type(L) == list:
  print ("yes")
if isinstance(L, list):
  print ("yes")
if L is M
  print ("Same")
if not isinstance(x, list):
  tot += x

 2、指定编码格式

with open("d:kitkingiot.txt", 'rt',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    data = f.read()
    print (data)
#二进制读写
with open("d:kitkingiot.bin", 'rb') as f:
    data = f.read()

with open("somefile.bin",'wb') as f:
    f.write(b'hello')
#如果打开时没有指定编码格式,可以用包装器在打开后指定编码格式 import urllib.request import io u = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.python.org') f = io.TextIOWrapper(u, encoding='utf-8') text = f.read() print(text)

3、无格式字节流

  bytes         不可变字节类型

  byrearray   可变字节数组

>>> b = bytearray()
>>> b.append(10)
>>> b.remove(100)
>>> b.insert(0, 150)
>>> b.extend([1, 3, 5])
>>> b.pop(2)
>>> b.reverse()
>>> b.clear()
#返回16进制表示的字符串
>>>bytearray(‘abc’.encode()).hex()
#bytes<->str转换
>>> aStr = u'abc'
>>> b= bytes(aStr, encoding='utf-8')
>>> newStr = str(b, encoding='utf-8')

#动态开buff
buf = bytearray(os.path.getsize(filename))
#读文件到buf
with open(fileName, 'rb') as f:
  f.readinto(buf)
#数值<->字串转换
int("42"),str(42)

4、I/O映射

import io
s = io.StringIO()
f = io.BytesIO()

5、文件->内存映射(切片方式修改内存)

import mmap

fileName = "d:kitkingiotBaidu.bin"
size = os.path.getsize(fileName)
fd = os.open(fileName, os.O_RDWR)
m = mmap.mmap(fd, size, access=mmap.ACCESS_WRITE)
m[0:11] = b'Hello World'
m.close()

#shell下使用"od -x iotBaidu.bin"查看修改情况

6、读写压缩文件

import gzip
with gzip.open("someFile.gz", 'rt') as f:
    text = f.read()
    
import bz2
with bz2.open('someFile.bz2', 'rt') as f:
    text = f.read()

7、串行化

import pickle
data = ... # some python object
f = open("fileName", 'wb')
pickle.dump(data, f) #如果存储为字符串使用 pickle.dumps()

#Restore from a file
f = open("fileName", 'rb')
data = pickle.load(f)

#Restore from a string
data = pickle.loads(f)

   迭代式pickle:连续dump/load

>>> import pickle
>>> f = open('fileName.pkl', 'wb')
>>> pickle.dump([1,2,3,4], f)
>>> pickle.dump('hello', f)
>>> pickle.dump({'Apple', 'Pear', 'Banana'}, f}
>>> f.close
>>> f = open('fileName.pkl', 'rb')
>>> pickle.load(f)
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> pickle.load(f)
'hello'
>>> pickle.load(f)
{'Apple', 'Pear', 'Banana'}

  db方式:

import shelve
#串行化
db = shelve.open('persondb')
for object in (bob, sue, tom):
    db[object.name] = object
db.close()

#解串行化
db = shelve.open('persondb')
len(db)
list(db.keys())
bob = db['Bob Smith']
for key in db:
    print(key, '=>', db[key])

  二进制串行化

#串行化
from struct import Struct

def write_records(records, format, f):
    record_struct = Struct(format)
    for r in records:
        f.write(record_struct.pack(*r))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    records = [ (1, 2.3, 4.5),
                (6, 7.8, 9.0),
                (12, 13.4, 56.7) ]

    with open('data.b', 'wb') as f:
         write_records(records, '<idd', f)

#解串行化
from struct import Struct

def unpack_records(format, data):
    record_struct = Struct(format)
    return (record_struct.unpack_from(data, offset)
            for offset in range(0, len(data), record_struct.size))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    with open('data.b', 'rb') as f:
        data = f.read()
        for rec in unpack_records('<idd', data):
            print(rec)

#固定记录解串行化
from struct import Struct

def read_records(format, f):
    record_struct = Struct(format)
    chunks = iter(lambda: f.read(record_struct.size), b'')
    return (record_struct.unpack(chunk) for chunk in chunks)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    with open('data.b','rb') as f:
        for rec in read_records('<idd', f):
            print(rec)

8、lambda

L = [1, 2, 3, 4]
list(map(lambda x: x+3), L))
#输出:
#[4, 5, 6, 7]

list(filter((lambda x: x > 0), range(-5, 5)))
#输出:
#[1, 2, 3, 4]
list( map((lambda x: x**2), filter((lambda x: x%2) == 0), rang(10))) )
#[0, 4, 16, 36, 64]

9、迭代器、生成器

  可迭代的:容器(list, deque, set, frozensets, dict, defaultdict, OrderedDict, Counter, tuple, namedtuple, str)、files、sockets均为可迭代对象

#“可迭代的”指的是支持iter的一个对象,而“迭代器”指的是iter所返回的一个支持next(I)的对象
#“可迭代对象”是序列观念的通用化,如果对象是实际保存的序列,或者可以在迭代工具环境中(例如 for循环)一次产生一个结果的对象,就看做是可迭代的
from functools import partial
RECORD_SIZE = 32
with open('data.bin', 'rb') as f:
    records = iter(partial(f.read, RECORD_SIZE), b'')
    for r in records:
        print(r)
#偏函数:把一个函数的某些参数固定住(也就是设置默认值),返回一个新函数
#输出:
#b' 0 5412 N CLARK'
#b' 3 5148 N CLARK'

  for循环的执行过程

#for作用在可迭代对象上,首先启用对象的迭代器,然后每次循环自动调用迭代器对象的next()方法产生一个值
#注意:文件对象、生成器函数、生成器表达式都是自身的迭代器
L = [1, 2, 3]
for x in L:
    print x
#执行过程
I = iter(L)
I.next()  #1
I.next()  #2
I.next()  #3
I.next()  #迭代结束产生异常
Traceback(most recent call last):
StopIteration

#手动迭代变化如下:
I = iter(L)
while True:
    try:
        X = next(I)
    except StopIteration:
        break    

  生成器表达式

>>> mygenerator = (x*x for x in range(3))   #生成器表达式
>>> mygenerator
<generator object at 0x011DC648>        #生成器迭代对象
#先产生生成器mygenerator,虽然为0/1/4,但不是一次性产生,而是每执行一次for循环产生一个值
>>> for i in mygenerator :
...    print(i)  #0  1  4
#注意生成器是括号()不是[],生成器每次生成一个值
#for循环作用在可迭代对象上,首先生成可迭代对象的迭代器“iterator”,再调用迭代器的“next”方法获取容器的一个值

  生成器函数yield

#Python延迟生成技术,yield每次返回一个结果,在每个结果之间挂起和继续它们的状态,生成器函数自动在生成值的时刻挂起并继续函数的执行
#当调用yiel时,返回一个可迭代对象,该对象支持__next__()方法,迭代完成引发StopIteration异常
def fab(max): 
    n, a, b = 0, 0, 1 
    while n < max: 
        yield b 
        a, b = b, a + b 
        n = n + 1
 
for n in fab(5): 
    print n
#输出:1  1  2  3  5

#或者使用迭代器
>> f = fab(5)
>> f.next  #1
>> f.next  #1
>> f.next  #2

  生成器函数 & 生成器表达式都是自身的迭代器

>>>G = (c*4 for c in 'SPAM')
>>>iter(G) is G
True

10、类

#属性赋值
x.data = "New value"
#增加属性
x.anothername = "spam"

#覆盖超类方法,即重载
class SecondClass(FirstClass):
  #重载构造函数
  def __init__(self, name, pay):
    FistClass.__init__(self, name, 'mgr', pay)
    def display(self):
    #运算符重载,使之更像内置类型运算
    def __add__(self, other):
        return SecondClass(self.data + other)
  def __str__(self):
    return '[Person: %s, %s]' %(self.name, self.pay)

#多态发生在继承类,执行子类还是超类的geveRaise,取决于实例
for object in (bob, sue, tom):
    object.geveRaise(.10)
    print (object)  #显示object's __ str__

11、JSON

import json
data = { 'name' : 'ACME',
            'shares' : 100,
            'price' : 542.3}
#python->json
json_str = json.dumps(data)
#json->python
data = json.loads(json_str)

#序列化JSON
with open('data.json',  'w') as f:
    json.dump(data, f)

 WEB流

form urlib.request import urlopen
import json
import pprint
u = urlopen('http://kitking01.eicp.net')
rep = json.loads(u.read().decode('utf-8'))
#pprint打印JSON数据格式
pprint(resp)

12、赋值生成引用,而不是拷贝

L1 = [2, 3, 4]
L2 = L1[:]#或者 L2 = copy(L1)
L3 = L1
#传值拷贝、避免参数修改
change(X, L1[:])

13、字串比较

x = 'killer'
if x == 'roger':
    print ("what's up?")
#数字<->字串相互转换
int("42"); str(42)

14、内置类型及函数

#字典操作
D.keys()
D.values()
D.items()
#
提取键转换到列表,并排序 D = {} Ks = list(D.keys()) Ks.sort()
#测试键是否存在
if not 'f' in D:
  print('missing')

#
x = set(); y = set()
x-y; x|y; x&y; x^y

range(); zip(); map()

15、帮助文档

dir(str)
help(str.replace)

 16、调试

pdb、PyChecker、Pylint
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/jiangzhaowei/p/9278596.html