在Python3中合并了 urllib 和 urllib2， 统一命名为 urllib 了，我觉得这样更加合理了。让我们可以像读取本地文件一样读取WEB上的数据。封装了一个类，供以后方便使用吧！并附带有许多的应用实例。
一、封装的类
#!/usr/bin/env python3 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import time import sys import gzip import socket import urllib.request, urllib.parse, urllib.error import http.cookiejar class HttpTester: def __init__(self, timeout=10, addHeaders=True): socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout) # 设置超时时间 self.__opener = urllib.request.build_opener() urllib.request.install_opener(self.__opener) if addHeaders: self.__addHeaders() def __error(self, e): '''''错误处理''' print(e) def __addHeaders(self): '''''添加默认的 headers.''' self.__opener.addheaders = [('User-Agent', 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0'), ('Connection', 'keep-alive'), ('Cache-Control', 'no-cache'), ('Accept-Language:', 'zh-cn,zh;q=0.8,en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3'), ('Accept-Encoding', 'gzip, deflate'), ('Accept', 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8')] def __decode(self, webPage, charset): '''''gzip解压，并根据指定的编码解码网页''' if webPage.startswith(b'x1fx8b'): return gzip.decompress(webPage).decode(charset) else: return webPage.decode(charset) def addCookiejar(self): '''''为 self.__opener 添加 cookiejar handler。''' cj = http.cookiejar.CookieJar() self.__opener.add_handler(urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj)) def addProxy(self, host, type='http'): '''''设置代理''' proxy = urllib.request.ProxyHandler({type: host}) self.__opener.add_handler(proxy) def addAuth(self, url, user, pwd): '''''添加认证''' pwdMsg = urllib.request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm() pwdMsg.add_password(None, url, user, pwd) auth = urllib.request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(pwdMsg) self.__opener.add_handler(auth) def get(self, url, params={}, headers={}, charset='UTF-8'): '''''HTTP GET 方法''' if params: url += '?' + urllib.parse.urlencode(params) request = urllib.request.Request(url) for k,v in headers.items(): request.add_header(k, v) # 为特定的 request 添加指定的 headers try: response = urllib.request.urlopen(request) except urllib.error.HTTPError as e: self.__error(e) else: return self.__decode(response.read(), charset) def post(self, url, params={}, headers={}, charset='UTF-8'): '''''HTTP POST 方法''' params = urllib.parse.urlencode(params) request = urllib.request.Request(url, data=params.encode(charset)) # 带 data 参数的 request 被认为是 POST 方法。 for k,v in headers.items(): request.add_header(k, v) try: response = urllib.request.urlopen(request) except urllib.error.HTTPError as e: self.__error(e) else: return self.__decode(response.read(), charset) def download(self, url, savefile): '''''下载文件或网页''' header_gzip = None for header in self.__opener.addheaders: # 移除支持 gzip 压缩的 header if 'Accept-Encoding' in header: header_gzip = header self.__opener.addheaders.remove(header) __perLen = 0 def reporthook(a, b, c): # a:已经下载的数据大小; b:数据大小; c:远程文件大小; if c > 1000000: nonlocal __perLen per = (100.0 * a * b) / c if per>100: per=100 per = '{:.2f}%'.format(per) print(''*__perLen, per, end='') # 打印下载进度百分比 sys.stdout.flush() __perLen = len(per)+1 print('--> {} '.format(url), end='') try: urllib.request.urlretrieve(url, savefile, reporthook) # reporthook 为回调钩子函数，用于显示下载进度 except urllib.error.HTTPError as e: self.__error(e) finally: self.__opener.addheaders.append(header_gzip) print()
二、应用实例
- 在OSC上动弹一下