【Docker】Dockerfile 最佳实践-RUN

参考教程：https://docs.docker.com/develop/develop-images/dockerfile_best-practices/

环境

virtual box 6.1
centos 7.8
docker 19.03

RUN

Split long or complex RUN statements on multiple lines separated with backslashes to make your Dockerfile more readable, understandable, and maintainable.

在多行上用反斜杠分隔长或复杂的 RUN 语句，以使您的 Dockerfile 更具可读性，可理解性和可维护性。

apt-get

Probably the most common use-case for RUN is an application of apt-get. Because it installs packages, the RUN apt-get command has several gotchas to look out for.

RUN 的最常见用例可能是 apt-get 的应用程序。因为它安装了软件包，所以 RUN apt-get 命令需要注意一些陷阱。

Avoid RUN apt-get upgrade and dist-upgrade, as many of the “essential” packages from the parent images cannot upgrade inside an unprivileged container. If a package contained in the parent image is out-of-date, contact its maintainers. If you know there is a particular package, foo, that needs to be updated, use apt-get install -y foo to update automatically.

避免使用 RUN apt-get upgrade 和 dist-upgrade，因为来自父映像的许多“基本”软件包都无法在非特权容器中进行升级。如果父映像中包含的软件包已过期，请联系其维护者。如果您知道有一个特定的软件包 foo 需要更新，请使用 apt-get install -y foo 自动更新。

Always combine RUN apt-get update with apt-get install in the same RUN statement. For example:

始终在同一 RUN 语句中将 RUN apt-get update 和 apt-get install 结合使用。例如：

RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y 
    package-bar 
    package-baz 
    package-foo 
    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

Using apt-get update alone in a RUN statement causes caching issues and subsequent apt-get install instructions fail. For example, say you have a Dockerfile:

在 RUN 语句中单独使用 apt-get update 会导致缓存问题，随后的 apt-get install 指令也会失败。例如，假设您有一个 Dockerfile：

FROM ubuntu:18.04
RUN apt-get update
RUN apt-get install -y curl

After building the image, all layers are in the Docker cache. Suppose you later modify apt-get install by adding extra package:

构建镜像后，所有层都在 Docker 缓存中。假设您以后通过添加额外的软件包来修改 apt-get install：

FROM ubuntu:18.04
RUN apt-get update
RUN apt-get install -y curl nginx

Docker sees the initial and modified instructions as identical and reuses the cache from previous steps. As a result the apt-get update is not executed because the build uses the cached version. Because the apt-get update is not run, your build can potentially get an outdated version of the curl and nginx packages.

Docker 将初始指令和修改后的指令视为相同，并重复使用先前步骤中的缓存。结果，由于构建使用了缓存的版本，因此未执行 apt-get update。因为没有运行 apt-get update，所以您的构建可能会获得 curl 和 nginx 软件包的过时版本。

Using RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y ensures your Dockerfile installs the latest package versions with no further coding or manual intervention. This technique is known as “cache busting”. You can also achieve cache-busting by specifying a package version. This is known as version pinning, for example:

使用 RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y 确保您的 Dockerfile 安装最新的软件包版本，而无需进一步的编码或手动干预。这种技术称为“缓存清除”。您还可以通过指定软件包版本来实现缓存清除。这称为版本固定，例如：

RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y 
    package-bar 
    package-baz 
    package-foo=1.3.*

Version pinning forces the build to retrieve a particular version regardless of what’s in the cache. This technique can also reduce failures due to unanticipated changes in required packages.

版本固定会强制构建物检索特定版本，而不管缓存中的内容是什么。该技术还可以减少由于所需包装中的意外更改而导致的故障。

Below is a well-formed RUN instruction that demonstrates all the apt-get recommendations.

下面是格式正确的 RUN 指令，演示了所有 apt-get 建议。

RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y 
    aufs-tools 
    automake 
    build-essential 
    curl 
    dpkg-sig 
    libcap-dev 
    libsqlite3-dev 
    mercurial 
    reprepro 
    ruby1.9.1 
    ruby1.9.1-dev 
    s3cmd=1.1.* 
 && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

The s3cmd argument specifies a version 1.1.*. If the image previously used an older version, specifying the new one causes a cache bust of apt-get update and ensures the installation of the new version. Listing packages on each line can also prevent mistakes in package duplication.

s3cmd 参数指定版本 1.1。*。如果镜像先前使用的是旧版本，则指定新版本会导致 apt-get update 缓存崩溃，并确保安装新版本。在每一行列出软件包还可以防止软件包重复中的错误。

In addition, when you clean up the apt cache by removing /var/lib/apt/lists it reduces the image size, since the apt cache is not stored in a layer. Since the RUN statement starts with apt-get update, the package cache is always refreshed prior to apt-get install.

另外，当您通过删除 /var/lib/apt/lists 清理 apt 缓存时，由于 apt 缓存没有存储在图层中，因此会减小映像大小。由于 RUN 语句以 apt-get update 开头，因此软件包缓存总是在 apt-get install 之前刷新。

Official Debian and Ubuntu images automatically run apt-get clean, so explicit invocation is not required.

官方 Debian 和 Ubuntu 镜像自动运行 apt-get clean，因此不需要显式调用。

Using pipes

Some RUN commands depend on the ability to pipe the output of one command into another, using the pipe character (|), as in the following example:

一些 RUN 命令取决于使用管道字符（|）将一个命令的输出管道到另一个命令的能力，如以下示例所示：

RUN wget -O - https://some.site | wc -l > /number

Docker executes these commands using the /bin/sh -c interpreter, which only evaluates the exit code of the last operation in the pipe to determine success. In the example above this build step succeeds and produces a new image so long as the wc -l command succeeds, even if the wget command fails.

Docker 使用 /bin/sh -c 解释器执行这些命令，该解释器仅评估管道中最后一个操作的退出代码来确定成功。在上面的示例中，即使 wget 命令失败，只要wc -l 命令成功，该构建步骤就会成功并生成一个新镜像。

If you want the command to fail due to an error at any stage in the pipe, prepend set -o pipefail && to ensure that an unexpected error prevents the build from inadvertently succeeding. For example:

如果您希望命令由于管道中任何阶段的错误而失败，请添加 set -o pipefail && 前缀，以确保意外错误可以防止构建意外进行。例如：

RUN set -o pipefail && wget -O - https://some.site | wc -l > /number

Not all shells support the -o pipefail option.

并非所有的 shell 都支持 -o pipefail 选项。

In cases such as the dash shell on Debian-based images, consider using the exec form of RUN to explicitly choose a shell that does support the pipefail option. For example:

在诸如基于 Debian 的镜像上的 dash 外壳的情况下，请考虑使用 RUN 的 exec 形式来明确选择一个支持 pipefail 选项的外壳。例如：
RUN ["/bin/bash", "-c", "set -o pipefail && wget -O - https://some.site | wc -l > /number"]

总结

介绍了 Dockerfile 的 RUN 指令的最佳实践。