Oracle11g温习-第十九章：审计（audit）

2013年4月27日星期六

10:52

1、审计的功能：监控用户在database 的 action （操作）

2、审计分类

1） session ：在同一个session，相同的语句只产生一个审计结果（默认）

2） access ： 在同一个session，每一个语句产生一个审计结果

3、启用审计（默认不启用）

SYS @ prod >show parameter audit;

audit_file_dest string /u01/app/oracle/admin/prod/adump

audit_sys_operations boolean FALSE

audit_syslog_level string

audit_trail string NONE （不启用)

SYS @ prod >alter system set audit_trail=db scope=spfile ;

System altered.

SYS @ prod > startup force; 静态参数需要重启实例

ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 167772160 bytes

Fixed Size 1218316 bytes

Variable Size 83888372 bytes

Database Buffers 79691776 bytes

Redo Buffers 2973696 bytes

Database mounted.

Database opened.

SYS @ prod > show parameter audit

NAME TYPE VALUE

------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------

audit_file_dest string /u01/app/oracle/admin/prod/adump

audit_sys_operations boolean FALSE ——audit_sys_operations=true ，启用对于sys 用户的审计

audit_syslog_level string

audit_trail string DB

——audit_trail

【1) none 不启用audit

2) db 将审计结果放在数据字典里（database)，只有dba 可以访问

3) os 将审计结果存放到操作系统的文件里（由audit_file_dest指定的位置) 】

【启用audit ，默认不审计sys用户的action audit_sys_operations=true ，启用对于sys 用户的审计】

4、审计的对象：（默认情况：session ，对成功和不成功的同时审计)

1）语句审计

——创建语句审计

SYS @ prod > audit table; 【涉及到table关键字的都会列入审计内容】

Audit succeeded.

SYS @ prod > noaudit table; 【关闭审计】

SYS @ prod > desc dba_audit_tail;

SYS @ prod > audit table by tom; 【对用户tom进行语句审计】

Audit succeeded.

SYS @ prod > audit table by tom whenever successful ; 【对用户tom进行成功的语句审计，失败的语句不审计】

Audit succeeded.

——查看审计设置

SYS @ prod > select user_name,audit_option from dba_stmt_audit_opts;

USER_NAME AUDIT_OPTION

------------------------------ ----------------------------------------

SCOTT TABLE

SCOTT @ prod >drop table emp1;

Table dropped.

SCOTT @ prod >create table emp1 as select * from emp;

Table created.

SYS @ prod > conn tom/tom

Connected.

TOM @ prod > create table t01 (id int);

Table created.

TOM @ prod > drop table t01 purge;

Table dropped.

TOM @ prod > conn /as sysdba

Connected.

SYS @ prod > alter session set nls_date_format='yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss';

Session altered.

SYS @ prod > col username for a10

SYS @ prod > col obj_name for a10

SYS @ prod > desc dba_audit_tail ;

SYS @ prod >select USERNAME,TIMESTAMP,OBJ_NAME,ACTION_NAME from dba_audit_trail;

USERNAME TIMESTAMP OBJ_NAME ACTION_NAME

---------- ------------------- ---------- ----------------------------

SCOTT 2013-01-18 08:31:43 DEPT1 DROP TABLE

SCOTT 2013-01-18 08:32:33 DEPT DROP TABLE

SCOTT 2013-01-18 08:32:51 EMP1 DROP TABLE

SCOTT 2013-01-18 08:33:38 EMP1 CREATE TABLE

——审计结果存放到aud$的基表里，通过dba_audit_trail 视图查看

SYS @ prod > select count(*) from aud$;

COUNT(*)

----------

——删除审计结果

SYS @ prod > delete from aud$;
8 rows deleted.

——关闭审计

SYS @ prod > noaudit table

Noaudit succeeded.

2）权限审计

——创建权限审计

SYS @ prod > audit create table; 【只审计create 语句，其他语句不审计 】

Audit succeeded.

SYS @ prod > conn scott/tiger

Connected.

SCOTT @ prod > create table dept1 as select * from dept;

Table created.

SCOTT @ prod > drop table dept1 purge; 【不经过回收站，直接将文件删除】

Table dropped.

SCOTT @ prod > conn /as sysdba

Connected.

SCOTT @ prod > select USERNAME,TIMESTAMP,OWNER,OBJ_NAME,ACTION_NAME from dba_audit_trail;

USERNAME TIMESTAMP OBJ_NAME ACTION_NAME

---------- --------- ---------- ----------------------------

SCOTT 11-AUG-11 DEPT1 CREATE TABLE

3）对象审计

——创建对象审计

SYS @ prod > audit all on scott.emp1; 【在某个对象上建立审计】

Audit succeeded.

SYS @ prod > conn scott/tiger

Connected.

SCOTT @ prod > select * from emp1;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------

7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20

7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30

7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30

7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20

7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30

7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10

7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 100 40

7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10

7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30

7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20

7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30

7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20

7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10

SCOTT @ prod >update emp1 set sal=9000 where empno=7788;

1 row updated.

SCOTT @ prod > delete from emp1 where rownum<2;

1 row deleted.

SCOTT @ prod >conn /as sysdba

Connected.

SYS @ prod >select username,ses_actions,obj_name,to_char(timestamp,'yyyy-mm-dd HH24:MI:SS') from dba_audit_trail;

USERNAME SES_ACTIONS OBJ_NAME TO_CHAR(TIMESTAMP,'

---------- ------------------- ---------- -------------------

SCOTT ---S-----SS----- EMP1 2013-01-18 08:45:34

【其中S表示successful ，表示在这个位置操作是成功的，F表示failure 失败，B表示both，两者都有】。

5、精细审计Fine Grained Auditing (FGA)

用于审计用户在特定数据行或列上的SQL操作

精细审计是通过DBMS_FGA包实现。

——建立审计策略

SYS @ prod >exec dbms_fga.add_policy(object_schema=>'scott',object_name=>'emp',policy_name=>'chk_emp', audit_condition =>'deptno=20',audit_column =>'sal', statement_types =>'update,select');

【policy_name=> 可以随便写】

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SYS @ prod > conn scott/tiger

Connected.

SCOTT @ prod > select * from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------

7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20

7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30

7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30

7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20

7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30

7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10

7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 100 40

7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10

7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30

7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20

7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30

7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20

7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10

14 rows selected.

SCOTT @ prod > select * from emp where deptno=20;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------

7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20

7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20

7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20

7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20

SCOTT @ prod > update emp set deptno=10 where empno=7788;

1 row updated.

SCOTT @ prod > update emp set sal=8000 where empno=7788;

1 row updated.

SCOTT @ prod > update emp set sal=8000 where deptno=20;

4 rows updated.

SCOTT @ prod > commit;

Commit complete.

【验证审计结果 结果存放于 dba_fga_audit_trail 视图】

SCOTT @ prod > conn /as sysdba

Connected.

SYS @ prod > select db_user,to_char(timestamp,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') "time" ,sql_text from dba_fga_audit_trail;

DB_USER time SQL_TEXT

---------- ------------------- --------------------------------------------------

SCOTT 2011-08-11 11:31:42 select * from emp

SCOTT 2011-08-11 11:31:49 select * from emp where deptno=20

SCOTT 2011-08-11 11:32:12 update emp set sal=8000 where empno=7788

SCOTT 2011-08-11 11:32:21 update emp set sal=8000 where deptno=20

——【精细审计结果存放到fga_log$的基表里，通过dba_fga_audit_trail 查看。】

SYS @ prod > select count(*) from fga_log$;

COUNT(*)

----------

SYS @ prod > delete from fga_log$;

4 rows deleted.

SYS @ prod > select db_user,to_char(timestamp,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') "time" ,sql_text from dba_fga_audit_trail;

no rows selected

——【禁止精细审计】

SYS @ prod > exec dbms_fga.disable_policy( object_schema=>'scott',object_name=>'emp', policy_name=>'chk_emp');

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

——【激活精细审计】

SYS @ prod > exec dbms_fga.enable_policy( object_schema=>'scott',object_name=>'emp', policy_name=>'chk_emp');

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

——【删除FGA策略】

SYS @ prod > exec dbms_fga.drop_policy( object_schema=>'scott',object_name=>'emp', policy_name=>'chk_emp');

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

——【删除精细审计的结果】

SYS @ prod > delete from sys.fga_log$;

6、应用审计（通过触发器来实现）——用于记载DML操作所引起的数据变化

1）建立审计表（用来存放审计结果）

SCOTT @ prod > create table audit_emp_change ( name varchar2(10), oldsal number(6,2), newsal number(6,2) ,time date);

Table created.

2）建立DML 触发器

SCOTT @ prod > create or replace trigger tr_sal_change

after update of sal on scott.emp ——触发条件

for each row

declare

v_temp int;

begin

select count(*) into v_temp from audit_emp_change

where name=:old.ename;

if v_temp=0 then

insert into audit_emp_change

values(:old.ename,:old.sal,:new.sal,sysdate);

else

update audit_emp_change

set oldsal=:old.sal ,newsal=:new.sal ,time=sysdate

where name=:old.ename;

end if;

end;

3）执行DML操作

SCOTT @ prod > update scott.emp set sal=6000 where empno=7788;

1 row updated.

4）查看审计结果

SYS @ prod > select name,oldsal,newsal,

to_char(time,'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI') FROM AUDIT_EMP_CHANGE;

NAME OLDSAL NEWSAL TO_CHAR(TIME,'YY

---------- ---------- ---------- ----------------

SCOTT 2000 6000 2011-03-03 04:28