Java基础之多线程篇(线程创建与终止、互斥、通信、本地变量)

线程创建与终止

线程创建

Thread类与Runnable接口的关系

public interface Runnable {
  public abstract void run();
}

public class Thread implements Runnable {
    /* What will be run. */
  private Runnable target;
  ......
  /**
   * Causes this thread to begin execution; the Java Virtual Machine
   * calls the <code>run</code> method of this thread.
   */
  public synchronized void start() {......}

  ......
    @Override
    public void run() {
        if (target != null) {
            target.run();
        }
  }
  ......
}

 

Thread类与Runnable接口都位于java.lang包中。从上面我们可以看出,Runnable接口中只定义了run()方法,Thread类实现了Runnable 接口并重写了run()方法。当调用Thread 类的start()方法时,实际上Java虚拟机就去调用Thread 类的run()方法,而Thread 类的run()方法中最终调用的是Runnable类型对象的run()方法

继承Thread并重写run方法

public class ThreadTest1 extends Thread {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        while(true) {
            try {
                Thread.sleep(1000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("thread 1:" + Thread.currentThread().getName());
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ThreadTest1 thread = new ThreadTest1 ();
        thread.start();
    }//main end
}

 

可以写成内部类的形式,new Thread(){@Override run(...)}.start();

实现Runnable接口并重写run方法

public class ThreadTest2  implements Runnable {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        while(true) {
            try {
                Thread.sleep(1000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("thread 3:" + Thread.currentThread().getName());
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ThreadTest2  thread3 = new ThreadTest2();
        Thread thread = new Thread(thread3);
        thread.start();
    }//main end
}

可以写成内部类的形式,new Thread(new Runnable(){@Override run(...)}).start();

 

线程终止

当调用Thread类的start()方法时,将会创建一个线程,这时刚创建的线程处于就绪状态(可运行状态),并没有运行,处于就绪状态的线程就可以等JVM调度。当JVM调度该线程时,该线程进入运行状态,即执行Thread类的run()方法中的内容。run()方法执行完,线程结束,线程进入死亡状态。这是线程自然终止的过程,我们也可以通过Thread类提供的一些方法来终止线程。

interrupt()isInterrupted()interrupted()方法介绍

stop()方法没有做任何的清除操作就粗暴终止线程,释放该线程所持有的对象锁(下文将介绍),受该对象锁保护的其它对象对其他线程可见,因此具有不安全性。

 

suspend()方法会使目标线程会停下来,但仍然持有在这之前获得的对象锁,对任何线程来说,如果它们想恢复目标线程,同时又试图使用任何一个锁定的资源,就会造成死锁。

 

终上所述,不建议使用stop()方法和suspend()方法来终止线程,通常我们通过interrupt()方法来终止处于阻塞状态和运行状态的线程

 

需要注意的是,interrupt()方法不会中断一个正在运行的线程,仅仅是将线程的中断标记设为true,当调用了阻塞方法之后,线程会不断监听中断标志,如果为true,则产生一个InterruptedException异常,将InterruptedException放在catch中就能终止线程。

 

isInterrupted()方法可以返回中断标记,常用循环判断条件。

 

interrupted()方法测试当前线程是否已经中断,线程的中断标志由该方法清除。interrupted()除了返回中断标记之外,它还会清除中断标记

 

interrupt()用法

看下面例子

 

public class ThreadInterruptedTest extends Thread {
    @Override
    public void run() {
            try {
                int i = 0;
                while(!isInterrupted()) {
                    i ++ ;
                    Thread.sleep(1000);
                    System.out.println(this.getName() + " is looping,i=" + i);
                }
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                System.out.println(this.getName() + 
                        " catch InterruptedException,state:" + this.getState());  
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        
        ThreadInterruptedTest thread = new ThreadInterruptedTest();
        System.out.println(thread.getName() 
                + " state:" + thread.getState());  
        
        thread.start();
        System.out.println(thread.getName() 
                + " state:" + thread.getState());  
        
        Thread.sleep(5000);
        
        System.out.println("flag: " + thread.isInterrupted());
        
        //发出中断指令
        thread.interrupt();
        
        System.out.println("flag: " + thread.isInterrupted());
        
        System.out.println(thread.getName() 
                + " state:" + thread.getState());  
        
        System.out.println(thread.interrupted());
    }
}

 

运行结果

 

Thread-0 state:NEW
Thread-0 state:RUNNABLE
Thread-0 is looping,i=1
Thread-0 is looping,i=2
Thread-0 is looping,i=3
Thread-0 is looping,i=4
flag: false
flag: true
Thread-0 state:TIMED_WAITING
Thread-0 catch InterruptedException,state:RUNNABLE
false
java.lang.InterruptedException: sleep interrupted
    at java.lang.Thread.sleep(Native Method)
    at com.itpsc.thread.ThreadInterruptedTest.run(ThreadInterruptedTest.java:11)

 

从运行结果可以看出,调用interrupt() 发出中断指令前,中断标志位false,发出中断指令后中断标志位为true,而调用interrupted()方法后则中断标志被清除。从发出的异常来看,是在一个sleep interrupted,且发出异常后线程被唤醒,以便线程能从异常中正常退出。

 

线程运行状态图

线程从创建到终止可能会经历各种状态。在java.lang.Thread.State类的源码中,可以看到线程有以下几种状态:NEWRUNNABLEBLOCKEDWAITINGTIMED_WAITINGTERMINATED。各种状态的转换如下:

 

wps98A1.tmp 

 

当通过Thread t = new Thread()方式创建线程时,线程处于新建状态;当调用t.start()方法时,线程进入可运行状态(注意,还没有运行);处于可运行状态的线程将在适当的时机被CPU资源调度器调度,进入运行状态,也就是线程执行run()方法中的内容;run()方法执行完或者程序异常退出线程进入终止状态。线程从运行状态也有可能进入阻塞状态,如调用wait()方法后进入等待对象锁(下文将介绍),调用sleep()方法后进行入计时等待。

线程互斥

现在我们已经知道线程的创建与终止了。互斥,是指系统中的某些共享资源,一次只允许一个线程访问,当一个线程正在访问该临界资源时,其它线程必须等待。

对象锁

java中,每一个对象有且仅有一个锁,锁也称为对象监视器。通过对象的锁,多个线程之间可以实现对某个方法(临界资源)的互斥访问。那么,如何获取对象的锁呢?当我们调用对象的synchronized修饰的方法或者synchronized修饰的代码块时,锁住的是对象实例,就获取了该对象的锁

全局锁

Java中有实例对象也有类对象,竟然有对象锁,那么久有类锁,也称全局锁当synchronized修饰静态方法或者静态代码块时,锁住的是该类的Class实例(字节码对象),获取的便是该类的全局锁。看下面获取对象锁实现线程互斥的两种方式。

线程互斥的两种方式

先看下面这个没有实现线程互斥的例子。

 

public class SynchronizedTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new SynchronizedTest().init();
    }
    
    private void init() {
        final Outputer output = new Outputer();
        //线程1打印"hello,i am thread 1"
        new Thread(new Runnable(){
            @Override
            public void run() {
                while(true) {
                     try{
                         Thread.sleep(1000);
                     }catch(InterruptedException e) {
                         e.printStackTrace();
                     }
                     output.output("hello,i am thread 1");
                }    
            }
        }).start();
        
        //线程2打印"hello,i am thread 2"
        new Thread(new Runnable(){
            @Override
            public void run() {
                while(true) {
                     try{
                         Thread.sleep(1000);
                     }catch(InterruptedException e) {
                         e.printStackTrace();
                     }
                     output.output("hello,i am thread 2");
                }
            }
        }).start();
    }
    
    class Outputer {
        public void output(String name) {
            for(int i=0; i<name.length(); i++) {
                System.out.print(name.charAt(i));
            }
            System.out.println();
        }
    }
}

 

运行结果

hello,i am thread 1
hello,i am thread 2
hello,i am hellthread 1
o,i am thread 2
hello,i am thread 2
hello,i am thread 1
hello,i am thread 2
hello,i am threadhel 2lo,i am thread 
1

线程1和线程2同时调用output方法进行输出,从运行结果可以看出,线程之间没有执行完各自的输出任务就被交替了运行了。下面通过对象的锁实现线程1和线程2对output方法的互斥访问。

synchronized修饰方法

使用synchronized 对output方法进行修饰,可以让调用者获得锁。synchronized 修饰方法没有显示声明锁的对象,默认是当前方法所在类的对象this

 

public synchronized void output(String name) {
    for(int i=0; i<name.length(); i++) {
        System.out.print(name.charAt(i));
    }
    System.out.println();
}  

synchronized修饰代码块

使用synchronized 对output方法中的代码块进行修饰,也可以让调用者获得锁。

 

public void output(String name) {
    synchronized(this){
        for(int i=0; i<name.length(); i++) {
            System.out.print(name.charAt(i));
        }
        System.out.println();
    }
} 

使用synchronized之后,线程1和线程2output方法实现了互斥访问。

hello,i am thread 1
hello,i am thread 2
hello,i am thread 1
hello,i am thread 2
hello,i am thread 1
hello,i am thread 2
hello,i am thread 1

synchronized用法

先看下面的例子,我们来总结下synchronized的一些常用用法。

 

public class SynchronizedTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new SynchronizedTest().init();
    }
    
    private void init() {
        final Outputer output = new Outputer();
        //线程1打印"hello,i am thread 1"
        new Thread(new Runnable(){
            @Override
            public void run() {
                output.output("hello,i am thread 1");
            }
        }).start();
        
        //线程2打印"hello,i am thread 2"
        new Thread(new Runnable(){
            @Override
            public void run() {
                output.output("hello,i am thread 2");
            }
        }).start();
    }
    
    static class Outputer {
        public synchronized void output(String name) {
            for(int i=0; i<5; i++) {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(1000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                System.out.println(name);
            }
        }
        
        public void output2(String name) {
            synchronized(this) {
                for(int i=0; i<5; i++) {
                    try {
                        Thread.sleep(1000);
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                    System.out.println(name);
                }
            }
        }
        
        public void output3(String name) {
            for(int i=0; i<5; i++) {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(1000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                System.out.println(name);
            }
        }
        
        public static synchronized void output4(String name) {
            for(int i=0; i<5; i++) {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(1000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                System.out.println(name);
            }
        }
        
        public void output5(String name) {
            synchronized(Outputer.class) {
                for(int i=0; i<5; i++) {
                    try {
                        Thread.sleep(1000);
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                    System.out.println(name);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

运行结果

hello,i am thread 1
hello,i am thread 1
hello,i am thread 1
hello,i am thread 1
hello,i am thread 1
hello,i am thread 2
hello,i am thread 2
hello,i am thread 2
hello,i am thread 2
hello,i am thread 2

 

线程1和线程2同时访问output 对象的synchronized 修饰的output 方法,即两个线程竞争的是output 对象的锁,这是同一个锁,所以当线程1在持有锁的时候,线程2必须等待,即下面的用法1

 

用法1

当一个线程访问某个对象的synchronized 方法或者synchronized 代码块时,其它线程对该对象的该synchronized 方法或者synchronized 代码块的访问将阻塞。

 

用法2

当一个线程访问某个对象的synchronized 方法或者synchronized 代码块时,其它线程对该对象的其他synchronized 方法或者synchronized 代码块的访问将阻塞。

 

修该上面的SynchronizedTest 例子,线程1访问output方法,线程2访问output2 方法,运行结果同上,因为output方法 和output2方法都属于同一个对象output ,因此线程1和线程2竞争的也是同一个锁。

 

用法3

当一个线程访问某个对象的synchronized 方法或者synchronized 代码块时,其它线程仍然可以对该对象的其他非synchronized 方法或者synchronized 代码块访问。

 

修该上面的SynchronizedTest 例子,线程1访问output方法,线程2访问output3方法,运行结果是线程1和线程2交替输出。结果显而易见,线程2访问output3方法并不是synchronized 修饰的output 方法或者代码块,线程2并不需要持有锁,因此线程1的运行不会阻塞线程2的运行。

 

用法4

synchronized 修饰静态方法时,锁住的是该类的Class实例(字节码对象)。修该上面的SynchronizedTest 例子,线程1访问output4方法,线程2访问output5方法,运行结果同用法1,说明线程1和线程2竞争的是Outputer类的Class实例(字节码对象)的锁。

线程通信

多个线程之间往往需要相互协作来完成某一个任务,synchronized 和对象锁能实现线程互斥,但是不能实现线程通信

wait() otify() otifyAll()介绍

线程之间的通信通过java.lang包中Object类中的wait()方法和notify()、notifyAll()等方法进行。我们知道,Java每个对象都有一个锁wait()方法用于等待对象的锁,notify()、notifyAll()方法用于通知其他线程对象锁可以使用。

 

wait() otify() otifyAll()依赖于对象锁,对象锁是对象所持有,Object类是所有java类的父类,这样每一个java类(对象)都有线程通信的基本方法。这就是这些方法定义在Object类中而不定义在Thread类中的原因。

 

wait()方法的会让当前线程释放对象锁并进入等待对象锁的状态,当前线程是指正在cpu上运行的线程。当前线程调用notify() otifyAll()后,等待对象锁的线程将被唤醒。

 

调用wait()方法或者notify()方法的对象必须和对象锁所属的对象是同一个对象,并且必须在synchronized方法或者synchronized代码块中被调用。

yieId()介绍

yieId()的作用是给线程调度器一个提示,告知线程调度器当前线程愿意让出CPU,但是线程调度器可以忽略这个提示。因此,yieId()的作用仅仅是告知线程调度器当前线程愿意让出CPU给其他线程执行(竟然只是愿意,当前线程可以随时反悔,那其他线程也不一定能得到CPU执行),而且不会让当前线程释放对象锁

 

yieId()能让当前线程由运行状态进入到就绪状态,从而让其它具有相同优先级的等待线程获取执行权。但是,并不能保证在当前线程调用yield()之后,其它具有相同优先级的线程就一定能获得执行权,也有可能当前线程又进入到运行状态继续运行。

 

yieId()只建议在测试环境中使用。

 

wait()和yield()的区别

 

1)wait()是让线程由运行状态进入到等待(阻塞)状态,而yield()是让线程由运行状态进入到就绪状态。

2)wait()是让线程释放它所持有对象的锁,而yield()方法不会释放锁。

 

多线程交替输出及volatile应用

下面的例子是“主线程输出三次接着子线程输出三次”,重复两次。

 

public class WaitnotifyTest {
    
    public static volatile boolean shouldChildren = false;
    
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
        final Outputer outputer = new Outputer();
        
        //创建子线程
        Thread chrild = new Thread(new Runnable(){
            @Override
            public void run() {
                try {
                    for(int i=0;i<2;i++)
                        outputer.children();
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        });
        chrild.start();
        //主线程
        for(int i=0;i<2;i++)
            outputer.main();
    }
}


class Outputer {
    //子线程循环输出
    public synchronized void children() throws Exception{
        while(!WaitnotifyTest.shouldChildren) {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                    + " thread end loop,go to waitting");
            //子线程进入等待状态
            this.wait();
        }
        
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                + " thread start loop");
        for(int i=1; i<=3; i++) {
            System.out.println("hello,i am chrildren thread,loop:" + i);
        }
        
        WaitnotifyTest.shouldChildren = false;
        //唤醒主线程
        this.notify();
    }
    
    //主线程循环输出
    public synchronized void main() throws Exception{
        while(WaitnotifyTest.shouldChildren) {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                    + " thread end loop,go to waitting");
            //主线程进入等待状态
            this.wait();
        }
        
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                + " thread start loop");
        for(int i=1; i<=3; i++) {
            System.out.println("hello,i am main thread,loop:" + i);
        }
        
        WaitnotifyTest.shouldChildren = true;
        //唤醒子线程
        this.notify();
    }
}

运行结果

main thread start loop
hello,i am main thread,loop:1
hello,i am main thread,loop:2
hello,i am main thread,loop:3
main thread end loop,go to waitting
Thread-0 thread start loop
hello,i am chrildren thread,loop:1
hello,i am chrildren thread,loop:2
hello,i am chrildren thread,loop:3
Thread-0 thread end loop,go to waitting
main thread start loop
hello,i am main thread,loop:1
hello,i am main thread,loop:2
hello,i am main thread,loop:3
Thread-0 thread start loop
hello,i am chrildren thread,loop:1
hello,i am chrildren thread,loop:2
hello,i am chrildren thread,loop:3

volatile修饰shouldChildren,线程直接读取shouldChildren变量并且不缓存它,修改了shouldChildren立马让其他线程可见,这就确保线程读取到的变量是一致的。

线程本地变量

线程本地变量

线程本地变量,可能称为线程局部变量更容易理解,即为每一个使用该变量的线程都提供一个变量值的副本,相当于将变量的副本绑定到线程中,每一个线程可以独立地修改自己的变量副本,而不会和其它线程的变量副本冲突。在线程消失之后,线程局部变量的所有副本都会被垃圾回收(下面的源码分析中将提到)

ThreadLocal实现分析

ThreadLocal

 

java.lang.Thread类中,有一个ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap类型的变量threadLocals,这个变量就是用来存储线程局部变量的。

 

/* ThreadLocal values pertaining to this thread. This map is maintained
 * by the ThreadLocal class. */
ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap threadLocals = null; 

下面我们重点分析ThreadLocal的内部实现。ThreadLocal也位于java.lang包中。其主要成员有:

 

public T get() {}
private T setInitialValue() {}
public void set(T value) {}
private void remove(ThreadLocal key) {}
ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t){}
void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {}
static class ThreadLocalMap {} 

Set

 

我们从set方法开始。Set方法源码如下

 

/**
 * Sets the current thread's copy of this thread-local variable
 * to the specified value.  Most subclasses will have no need to
 * override this method, relying solely on the {@link #initialValue}
 * method to set the values of thread-locals.
 *
 * @param value the value to be stored in the current thread's copy of
 *        this thread-local.
 */
public void set(T value) {
    Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
    ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
    if (map != null)
        map.set(this, value);
    else
        createMap(t, value);
}  

先获取当前的线程,然后通过getMap(t)方法获取到一个mapmap的类型为ThreadLocalMap

这个map其实就是存储线程变量的对象threadLocalsThreadLocalMap是ThreadLocal中的一个内部类,是一个定制的hashmap以便适用于存储线程本地变量。竟然是定制的hashmap,那么就有Entry tablehashmap的内部实现参考上一篇:Java基础加强之集合篇(模块记忆、精要分析))。而ThreadLocalMap中的Entry 继承了WeakReference,弱引用是不能保证不被垃圾回收器回收的,这就是前文提到的在线程消失之后,线程局部变量的所有副本都会被垃圾回收。此外,Entry 中使用ThreadLocal作为key,线程局部变量作为value。如果threadLocals不为空,则设值否者调用createMap方法创建threadLocals注意设值的时候传的是this而不是当前线程t

 

/**
 * ThreadLocalMap is a customized hash map suitable only for
 * maintaining thread local values. No operations are exported
 * outside of the ThreadLocal class. The class is package private to
 * allow declaration of fields in class Thread.  To help deal with
 * very large and long-lived usages, the hash table entries use
 * WeakReferences for keys. However, since reference queues are not
 * used, stale entries are guaranteed to be removed only when
 * the table starts running out of space.
 */
static class ThreadLocalMap {

    /**
     * The entries in this hash map extend WeakReference, using
     * its main ref field as the key (which is always a
     * ThreadLocal object).  Note that null keys (i.e. entry.get()
     * == null) mean that the key is no longer referenced, so the
     * entry can be expunged from table.  Such entries are referred to
     * as "stale entries" in the code that follows.
     */
    static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal> {
        /** The value associated with this ThreadLocal. */
        Object value;

        Entry(ThreadLocal k, Object v) {
            super(k);
            value = v;
        }
    } 

接下来我们看看createMap方法

 

/**
 * Create the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in
 * InheritableThreadLocal.
 *
 * @param t the current thread
 * @param firstValue value for the initial entry of the map
 * @param map the map to store.
 */
void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
    t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
} 

createMap方法其实就是为当前线程的threadLocals变量分配空间并存储线程的第一个变量。现在我们已经知道线程是如何初始化并设值自己的局部变量了,下面我们看看取值。

 

Get

 

/**
 * Returns the value in the current thread's copy of this
 * thread-local variable.  If the variable has no value for the
 * current thread, it is first initialized to the value returned
 * by an invocation of the {@link #initialValue} method.
 *
 * @return the current thread's value of this thread-local
 */
public T get() {
    Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
    ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
    if (map != null) {
        ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
        if (e != null)
            return (T)e.value;
    }
    return setInitialValue();
}  

先获取当前的线程,然后通过getMap(t)方法获取当前线程存变量的对象threadLocals,如果threadLocals不为空则取值并返回(注意传入的key是this对象而不是当前线程t),否则调用setInitialValue方法初始化。setInitialValueset方法唯一不同的是调用了initialValue进行初始化,也就是在获取变量之前要初始化。

 

/**
 * Variant of set() to establish initialValue. Used instead
 * of set() in case user has overridden the set() method.
 *
 * @return the initial value
 */
private T setInitialValue() {
    T value = initialValue();
    Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
    ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
    if (map != null)
        map.set(this, value);
    else
        createMap(t, value);
    return value;
}  

总的来讲,每创建一个线程(Thread对象),该线程即拥有存储线程本地变量的threadLocals对象,threadLocals对象初始为null,当通过ThreadLocal对象调用set/get方法时,就会对线程的threadLocals对象进行初始化,并且以当前ThreadLocal对象为键值,以ThreadLocal要保存的变量为value,存到threadLocals。看下面的例子。

ThreadLocal应用

public class ThreadLocalShareVariable {
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //创建3个线程
        for(int i=0; i<3;i++) {
            //创建线程
            new Thread(new Runnable(){
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    //线程设置自己的变量
                    int age = new Random().nextInt(100);
                    String name = getRandomString(5);
                    System.out.println("Thread " + Thread.currentThread().getName() 
                            + " has put data:" + name + " " + age);
                    
                    //存储与当前线程有关的变量
                    Passenger.getInstance().setName(name);
                    Passenger.getInstance().setAge(age);
                    
                    //线程访问共享变量
                    new ModuleA().getData();
                    new ModuleB().getData();
                }
            }).start();
        }
    }
    
    static class ModuleA {
        public void getData(){
            //获取与当前线程有关的变量
            String name = Passenger.getInstance().getName();
            int data = Passenger.getInstance().getAge();
            System.out.println("moduleA get data from " 
            + Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":" + name + " "+ data);
        }
    }
    
    static class ModuleB {
        public void getData(){
            //获取与当前线程有关的变量
            String name = Passenger.getInstance().getName();
            int data = Passenger.getInstance().getAge();
            System.out.println("moduleB get data from " 
            + Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":" + name + " "+ data);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 随机生成字符串
     * @param length
     * @return
     */
    public static String getRandomString(int length){
        final String str = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"; 
        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
        int len = str.length();
        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            sb.append(str.charAt(
                    (int) Math.round(Math.random() * (len-1))));
        }
        return sb.toString();
    }

}

class Passenger {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }
    public Passenger(){}
    
    //ThreadLocal存储线程变量
    public static ThreadLocal<Passenger> thsd = new ThreadLocal<Passenger>();
    
    public static Passenger getInstance() {
        //获取当前线程范围内的共享变量实例
        Passenger passenger = thsd.get();
        //懒汉模式创建实例
        if(passenger == null) {
            passenger = new Passenger();
            thsd.set(passenger);
        }
        return passenger;
    }
    
}
View Code

运行结果

Thread Thread-1 has put data:vwozg 33
Thread Thread-2 has put data:hubdn 30
Thread Thread-0 has put data:mkwrt 35
moduleA get data from Thread-2:hubdn 30
moduleA get data from Thread-0:mkwrt 35
moduleA get data from Thread-1:vwozg 33
moduleB get data from Thread-1:vwozg 33
moduleB get data from Thread-0:mkwrt 35
moduleB get data from Thread-2:hubdn 30
View Code

创建3个线程,每个线程要保存一个Passenger 对象,并且通过ModuleA ModuleB来访问每个线程对应保存的Passenger 对象。

多线程之间共享变量

上面我们讨论的是多线程之间如何访问自己的变量。那么多线程之间共享变量时如何的呢,看下的例子,线程1对共享变量进行减一操作,线程2对共享变量进行加2操作。

 

public class MutilThreadShareVariable {
    static volatile int count = 100;
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
        final ShareDataDec sdDec = new ShareDataDec();
        final ShareDataInc sdInc = new ShareDataInc();
        //线程1
        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() { 
                for(int i=0;i<5;i++) {
                    sdDec.dec();
                    try {
                        Thread.sleep(1000);
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            }
        }).start();
        //线程2
        new Thread(new Runnable(){
            @Override
            public void run() {
                for(int i=0;i<5;i++) {
                    sdInc.inc();
                    try {
                        Thread.sleep(1000);
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            }
        }).start();;
    }
    
    static class ShareDataDec {
        public synchronized void dec() {
            count --;
            System.out.println("Thread " + Thread.currentThread().getName() 
                    + " dec 1 from count,count remain " + count);
        }
    }
    
    static class ShareDataInc {
        public synchronized void inc() {
            count = count + 2;
            System.out.println("Thread " + Thread.currentThread().getName() 
                    + " inc 2 from count,count remain " + count);
        }
    }
}
View Code  

运行结果

 

Thread Thread-0 dec 1 from count,count remain 99
Thread Thread-1 inc 2 from count,count remain 101
Thread Thread-0 dec 1 from count,count remain 100
Thread Thread-1 inc 2 from count,count remain 102
Thread Thread-0 dec 1 from count,count remain 101
Thread Thread-1 inc 2 from count,count remain 103
Thread Thread-0 dec 1 from count,count remain 102
Thread Thread-1 inc 2 from count,count remain 104
Thread Thread-0 dec 1 from count,count remain 103
Thread Thread-1 inc 2 from count,count remain 105
View Code

线程共享变量,只要对要对共享变量进行修改的代码进行同步即可。

 

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/hjwublog/p/6133278.html