kubernetes学习:CKA考试题

1. 列出环境内所有的pv 并以 name字段排序(使用kubectl自带排序功能)

kubectl get pv --sort-by=.metadata.name

2. 列出指定pod的日志中状态为Error的行,并记录在指定的文件上

kubectl logs <podname> | grep bash > /opt/KUCC000xxx/KUCC000xxx.txt

3.列出k8s可用的节点,不包含不可调度的 和 NoReachable的节点,并把数字写入到文件里

#笨方法,人工数
kubectl get nodes

参考:kubernetes备忘:https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/kubectl/cheatsheet/

4.创建一个pod名称为nginx,并将其调度到节点为 disk=stat上

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx
  labels:
    env: test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
  nodeSelector:
    disktype: ssd

参考:将pod分配给节点,https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/assign-pods-nodes/

5. 提供一个pod的yaml,要求添加Init Container,Init Container的作用是创建一个空文件,pod的Containers判断文件是否存在,不存在则退出

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: init-demo
spec:
  containers:
  - name:  nginx
    image:  busybox:1.28
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80
    command:['sh', '-c', 'if [ ! -e "/opt/myfile"]; then exit;fi;']
    volumeMounts:
    - name: workdir
      mountPath: /opt/
  # These containers are run during pod initialization
  initContainers:
  - name: install
    image: busybox
    command: ['sh', '-c', 'touch -p /opt/myfile']
    volumeMounts:
    - name: workdir
      mountPath: /opt/
  volumes:
  - name: workdir
    emptyDir: {}

参考:Init Container https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-pod-initialization/#creating-a-pod-that-has-an-init-container

                                 https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/init-containers/

6. 指定在命名空间内创建一个pod名称为test,内含四个指定的镜像nginx、redis、memcached、busybox

必须自己写 yaml

 7.创建一个pod名称为test,镜像为nginx,Volume名称cache-volume为挂在在/data目录下,且Volume是non-Persistent的

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: test-pod 
spec:
  containers:
  - name: test
    image: nginx
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /data
      name: cache-volume
  volumes:
  - name: cache-volume
    emptyDir: {}

参考:volume : https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#local

8. 列出Service名为test下的pod 并找出使用CPU使用率最高的一个,将pod名称写入文件中

#使用-o wide 获取service test的SELECTOR

kubectl get svc test -o wide

##获取结果我就随便造了

NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE SELECTOR

test ClusterIP None <none> 3306/TCP 50d app=wordpress,tier=mysql

#获取对应SELECTOR的pod使用率,找到最大那个写入文件中

kubectl top pods -l 'app=wordpress,tier=mysql'

9.创建一个Pod名称为nginx-app,镜像为nginx,并根据pod创建名为nginx-app的Service,type为NodePort 

kubectl run nginx-app --image=nginx 

之后创建service

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: nginx-app
spec:
  selector:
    run: nginx-app
  ports: 
  - name: http
    protocol: TCP
    port: 80
    targetPort: 9376
  - name: https
    protocol: TCP
    port: 443
    targetPort: 9377
  type: NodePort

参考:service  https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/

10.创建一个nginx的Workload,保证其在每个节点上运行,注意不要覆盖节点原有的Tolerations          

 这道题直接复制文档的yaml太长了,由于damonSet的格式和Deployment格式差不多,我用旁门左道的方法 先创建Deploy,再修改,这样速度会快一点

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx:1.17.1 -oyaml > nginx-daemonset.yaml
# 修改yaml文件
vi nginx-daemonset.yaml
#修改apiVersion和kind
#apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
#kind: Deployment
apiVersion:apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    run: nginx
  name: nginx
spec:
#去掉replicas
# replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      run: nginx
  strategy: {}
  template:
    metadata:
      creationTimestamp: null
      labels:
        run: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - image: nginx
        name: nginx
        resources: {}
status: {}

11. 将deployment为nginx-app的副本数从1变成4。

#方法1
kubectl scale  --replicas=4 deployment nginx-app
#方法2,使用edit命令将replicas改成4
kubectl edit deploy nginx-app

参考: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/run-application/run-stateless-application-deployment/#scaling-the-application-by-increasing-the-replica-count

            https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/kubectl/cheatsheet/

12. 创建nginx-app的deployment ,使用镜像为nginx:1.11.0-alpine ,修改镜像为1.11.3-alpine,并记录升级,再使用回滚,将镜像回滚至nginx:1.11.0-alpine 

# 创建nginx-app的deployment
kubectl run nginx-app --image=nginx:1.11.0-alpine --record
# 修改镜像,nginx-app为container的名字
kubectl set image deployment nginx-app nginx-app=nginx:1.11.3-alipne
# 回滚
kubectl rollout undo deployment nginx-app

参考:https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/kubectl/cheatsheet/

13. 根据已有的一个nginx的pod、创建名为nginx的svc、并使用nslookup查找出service dns记录,pod的dns记录并分别写入到指定的文件中

#创建一个服务
kubectl create svc nodeport nginx --tcp=80:80
#创建一个指定版本的busybox,用于执行nslookup
kubectl create -f https://k8s.io/examples/admin/dns/busybox.yaml
#将svc的dns记录写入文件中
kubectl exec -ti busybox -- nslookup nginx > 指定文件
#获取pod的ip地址
kubectl get pod nginx -o yaml
#将获取的pod ip地址使用nslookup查找dns记录
kubectl exec -ti busybox -- nslookup <Pod ip>

考点:网络相关,DNS解析

参考:https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/dns-debugging-resolution/

14. 创建Secret 名为mysecret,内含有password字段,值为bob,然后 在pod1里 使用ENV进行调用,Pod2里使用Volume挂载在/data 下

#将密码值使用base64加密,记录在Notepad里
echo -n 'bob' | base64

secret.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: mysecret
type: Opaque
data:
  password: Ym9i

pod1.yaml   使用env进行调用

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod2
spec:
  containers:
  - name: mycontainer
    image: redis
    env:
      - name: SECRET_PASSWORD
        valueFrom:
          secretKeyRef:
            name: mysecret
            key: password

pod2.yaml   挂载到data目录下

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod1
spec:
  containers:
  - name: mypod
    image: nginx
    volumeMounts:
    - name: mysecret
      mountPath: "/data"
      readOnly: true
  volumes:
  - name: mysecret
    secret:
      secretName: mysecret

参考:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/secret/

15. 使node1节点不可调度,并重新分配该节点上的pod

#直接drain会出错,需要添加--ignore-daemonsets --delete-local-data参数
kubectl drain node node1  --ignore-daemonsets --delete-local-data

参考:https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/safely-drain-node/

16. 使用etcd 备份功能备份etcd(提供enpoints,ca、cert、key)

ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl --endpoints https://127.0.0.1:2379 
--cacert=ca.pem --cert=cert.pem --key=key.pem 
snapshot save snapshotdb

参考: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/configure-upgrade-etcd/#backing-up-an-etcd-cluster

 

 17. 给出一个失联节点的集群,排查节点故障,要保证改动是永久的。

#查看集群状态
kubectl get nodes
#查看故障节点信息
kubectl describe node node1

#Message显示kubelet无法访问(记不清了)
#进入故障节点
ssh node1

#查看节点中的kubelet进程
ps -aux | grep kubelete
#没找到kubelet进程,查看kubelet服务状态
systemctl status kubelet.service 
#kubelet服务没启动,启动服务并观察
systemctl start kubelet.service 
#启动正常,enable服务
systemctl enable kubelet.service 

#回到考试节点并查看状态
exit

kubectl get nodes #正常

参考:https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-cluster/

18. 创建一个pv,类型是hostPath,位于/data中,大小1G,模式ReadOnlyMany

apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: pv-host
spec:
  capacity:
    storage: 1Gi
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteMany
  persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Recycle
  storageClassName: slow
  hostPath:
    path: /data

参考: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/persistent-volumes/

19. 给出一个集群,将节点node1添加到集群中,并使用TLS bootstrapping

 参考:https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/#kube-controller-manager-configuration

            https://blog.fanfengqiang.com/2019/03/11/kubernetes-TLS-Bootstrapping%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE/

 

 

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/haoprogrammer/p/11149661.html