C#中泛型学习笔记

  前言:这篇博客我主要说一下C#中泛型的使用,也就是List和Dictionary字典集合的使用,我在这里说的主要说的是如何去使用,而不是长篇大论的去研究泛型的底层,但我们有一定程序的时候在研究,使学习的能够很快的学习集合然后自己研究集合的一些高级用法,不在最后还列举出了一些常用的小案例。

  1. 泛型集合

(1) 泛型集合就是不确定的集合,语法中有一个尖括号,里面放什么类型,这个集合就变成什么类型

(2)List

            1)举例说明:

static void Main(string[] args)

{

        List<int> listInt = new List<int>();

        listInt.AddRange(new int[] { 1, 34, 54, 65, 76, 78 });

        int sum = 0;

        for (int i = 0; i < listInt.Count; i++)
 
         {

                 sum += listInt[i];

         }

         Console.WriteLine(sum);

         Console.ReadKey();

}

     (3)Dictionary  (Dictionary<TKey,TValue>)

            定义一个泛型集合:Dictionary<TKey,Tvalue> dic=new Dictionary<TKey,Tvalue>();

            1)增加

                   Add 将指定的键值对添加到字典集合中

                   方法原型:void dic.Add(T key,T Value)

Dictionary<string, string> openWith =new Dictionary<string, string>();

 try

{

          openWith.Add("txt", "notepad.exe");

          openWith.Add("bmp", "paint.exe");

          openWith.Add("dib", "paint.exe");

          openWith.Add("rtf", "wordpad.exe");

          openWith.Add("txt", "winword.exe");

}

catch (ArgumentException)

{

           Console.WriteLine("添加失败,请检查");

}

                          //输出结果是添加失败,请检查,以为添加了相同的键

            2)删除

                   Remove 从字典集合中移除指定的键的值

                          方法原型:bool dic.Remove(TKey key);                     

Dictionary<string, string> openWith =new Dictionary<string, string>();

openWith.Add("txt", "notepad.exe");

openWith.Add("bmp", "paint.exe");

openWith.Add("dib", "paint.exe");

openWith.Add("rtf", "wordpad.exe");

openWith.Remove("txt");

 foreach (var item in openWith)

{

       Console.WriteLine(item.Key);

}

//输出结果:bmp dib rtf

Clear 从字典集合中移除所有的值

 方法原型: void dic.Clear();

         Dictionary<string, string> openWith =new Dictionary<string, string>();

         openWith.Add("txt", "notepad.exe");

         openWith.Add("bmp", "paint.exe");

         openWith.Add("dib", "paint.exe");

         openWith.Add("rtf", "wordpad.exe");

         openWith.Clear();

         foreach (var item in openWith)

         {

                Console.WriteLine(item.Key);

         }

 //输出结果为空

            3)查询

                   ContainsKey 得到字典集合中是否包含指定的键

                          方法原型:bool dic.ContainsKey(TKey,key);     

Dictionary<string, string> openWith = new Dictionary<string, string>();

openWith.Add("txt", "notepad.exe");

openWith.Add("bmp", "paint.exe");

openWith.Add("dib", "paint.exe");

openWith.Add("rtf", "wordpad.exe");

if (!openWith.ContainsKey("txt"))

{

          openWith.Add("txt", "notepat++");

}

else

{

         Console.WriteLine("已经存在");

}

                                 //输出结果:已经存在

                   COntainsValue 得到字典集合中是否包含指定的值

                          方法原型:bool dic.ContainsValue(TValue,value);

                                 Dictionary<string, string> openWith = new Dictionary<string, string>();

                                 openWith.Add("txt", "notepad.exe");

                                 openWith.Add("bmp", "paint.exe");

                                 openWith.Add("dib", "paint.exe");

                                 openWith.Add("rtf", "wordpad.exe");

                                 if (openWith.ContainsValue("paint.exe"))

                                 {

                                        Console.WriteLine("已经存在");

                                 }

                                 //输出结果:已经存在

            4)TryGetValue 获得于指定的键相关联的值

                   方法原型:bool dic.TryGetValue(TKey key,out TVlaue value);

Dictionary<string, string> openWith = new Dictionary<string, string>();

openWith.Add("txt", "notepad.exe");

openWith.Add("bmp", "paint.exe");

openWith.Add("dib", "paint.exe");

openWith.Add("rtf", "wordpad.exe");

string value = "";

if (openWith.TryGetValue("rtf", out value))

{

       Console.WriteLine("Key=rtf,value={0}", value);

}

else

{

         Console.WriteLine("根据rtf键没有找到对应的值");

}

                          //输出结果:key=rtf,value=wordpad.exe

                   1)举例说明:

                          static void Main(string[] args)

                          {

                                 Dictionary<char, string> dic = new Dictionary<char, string>();

                                 dic.Add('1', "爱情这东西");

                                 foreach (KeyValuePair<char, string> item in dic)

                                 {

                                        Console.WriteLine(item);

                                 }

                                 Console.ReadKey();

                          }

     (4)案例1:把分拣奇数的程序用泛型实现

 static void Main(string[] args)

        {

            string str = "3 45 65 34 68 67 87 98";

            //1 split

            string[] nums = str.Split(new char[] { ' ' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);

            //2 list<string>

            List<string> odd = new List<string>();//奇数

            List<string> even = new List<string>(); //偶数

            //3 for循环判断奇偶

            for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++)

            {

                //第一种方法

                //int num = Convert.ToInt32(nums[i]);

                //if (num % 2 == 0)

                //{

                //    even.Add(nums[i]);

                //}

                //else

                //{

                //    odd.Add(nums[i]);

                //}

                //第二种方法

                string num = nums[i];

                char ch = num[num.Length - 1];

                int last = ch - '0';

                if ((nums[i][nums[i].Length - 1] - '0') % 2 == 0)

                {

                    even.Add(nums[i]);

                }

                else

                {

                    odd.Add(nums[i]);

                }

            }

            odd.AddRange(even);

            //4转换

            Console.WriteLine(string.Join(" ", odd.ToArray()));

        }

     (5)案例2:将int数组中的奇数放到一个新的int数组中返回

 static void Main(string[] args)

        {

            int[] nums = { 1, 3, 5, 565, 76, 78, 98, 90, 4, 545 };

            List<int> listInt = new List<int>();

            for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++)

            {

                if (nums[i] % 2 == 1)

                {

                    listInt.Add(nums[i]);

                }

            }

            for (int i = 0; i < listInt.Count; i++)

            {

                Console.WriteLine(listInt[i] + " ");

            }

            Console.ReadKey();

        }

     (6)案例3:从一个整数的List<int>中取出最大数

static void Main(string[] args)

        {

            int[] nums = { 2, 34, 454, 65, 76, 77, 778, 898, 989 };

            int max = int.MinValue;

            int min = int.MaxValue;

            List<int> listInt = new List<int>();

            listInt.AddRange(nums);

            for (int i = 0; i < listInt.Count; i++)

            {

                if (min > listInt[i])

                {

                    min = listInt[i];

                }

                if (max < listInt[i])

                {

                    max = listInt[i];

                }

            }

            Console.WriteLine(max);

            Console.WriteLine(min);

        }

     (7)把123转换为"壹贰叁"

 static void Main(string[] args)

        {

            string var = "壹贰叁肆伍陆柒捌玖";

            Dictionary<char, char> dic = new Dictionary<char, char>();

            for (int i = 0; i <var.Length ; i++)

            {

                dic.Add((char)(i + '0'), var[i]);

            }

            while (true)

            {

                Console.Write("请输入一行数字:");

                string str = Console.ReadLine();

                StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

                for (int i = 0; i < str.Length; i++)

                {

                    char num = str[i];

                    char word = dic[num];

                    sb.Append(word);

                }

                Console.WriteLine(sb.ToString());

                Console.ReadKey();

            }

        }

     (8)计算字符串中每种字符出现的次数

static void Main(string[] args)

        {

            Dictionary<char, int> dic = new Dictionary<char, int>();

            Console.Write("请输入一句话");

            string str = Console.ReadLine();

            for (int i = 0; i < str.Length; i++)

            {

                //dic.Add(str[i], 1);

                //dic[str[i]]++;

                char current = str[i];

                if (dic.ContainsKey(current))

                {

                    //如果集合不存在这个数据

                    //dic[current] += 1;

                    dic[current]++;

                }

                else

                {

                    //如果集合中不存在这个数据

                    dic.Add(current, 1);

                }

            }

            foreach (KeyValuePair<char, int> item in dic)

            {

                Console.WriteLine("子符{0}出现了{1}次", item.Key, item.Value);

            }

            Console.ReadKey();

        }
  1. Dictionary就是Hashtable的泛型形式

(1) 哈尔算法是一个函数

            Add(Key,Value);

            dic[Key];

(2)哈希算法是一个通过Key来计算地址的函数

            1)传入一个key和一个value后

            2)通过哈希算法计算key的到一个地址

            3)将地址存入键值对集合,并将value存入地址所在的地方

            4)等到访问的时候直接通过key计算出地址,直接找到存储的变量

  1. 能不能用for循环遍历一个集合Dic

(1) 在for循环中如果不使用对应的递增序号,"我"就认为不叫使用了for循环

     (2)foreach循环的过程

            1)找到数据源,调用GetEnumertor方法,得到枚举值

            2)in,调用MoveNext方法

            3)如果MoveNext返回true,使用Current得到当前数据

            4)如果返回false,则跳出循环

                   static void Main(string[] args)

                   {

                          Dictionary<string, string> dic = new Dictionary<string, string>();

                          dic.Add("1111", "2222");

                          dic.Add("0000", "3333");

                          var enumrator = dic.GetEnumerator();

                          //while (enumrator.MoveNext())

                          //{

                          //    Console.WriteLine(enumrator.Current.Key + "," + enumrator.Current.Value);

                          //}

                          for (; enumrator.MoveNext(); )

                          {

                                 Console.WriteLine(enumrator.Current.Key + "," + enumrator.Current.Value);

                          }

                   }

  1. 等于

(1) Equals 确定指定的Object是否等于当前的Object类型

            方法原型:

                   bool Equals(Object obj)

                   Object Obj1 = new Object();

            Object Obj2 = new Object();

            Console.WriteLine(Obj1.Equals(Obj2));

            Obj2 = Obj1;

            Console.WriteLine(Obj1.Equals(Obj2));

                   输出结果: False,True

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/hanyinglong/p/2714463.html