servlet-显示器

1、什么是监听器


      监听器是实现一个特定的接口java规划,该计划的目的是还调用类方法监听器。java的awt大量使用该模式,如的能力button点击事件。当鼠标点击时,就会调用事件处理程序。又如:在javascript事件中也运用到了此种模式。当用户点击鼠标时。会触发一个鼠标点击事件去调用程序猿定义的事件处理程序。以下就以GUI编程来说明监听器。监听器都使用到了观察者模式,观察者模式所定义的对象间一对多的依赖关系,当一个对象的状态发生改变时,全部依赖他的对象都会得到通知自己主动更新。

package cn.zq.demo;

import java.awt.Container;
import java.awt.FlowLayout;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;

import javax.swing.JButton;
import javax.swing.JFrame;

public class DemoFrame extends JFrame{
	
	/**
	 * 
	 */
	private static final long serialVersionUID = -7552482706279772458L;

	public DemoFrame() {
		JButton button = new JButton("点击试试");
		
		System.out.println("button ->" + button.hashCode());
		
		//设置默认的关闭操作:关闭时退出程序
		setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
		
		//给button加入一个监听器
		button.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
			
			public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
				System.out.println("监听到了 ->"+e.getSource().hashCode());
			}
		});
		
		//拿到容器
		Container container = getContentPane();
		//设置为流式布局
		container.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
		container.add(button);
		
		setSize(200, 100);
		setVisible(true);
	}
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		new DemoFrame();
	}
}
用button.addActionListener方法给按钮加入了一个监听器,当用户点击鼠标时,监听器中的actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)方法就会被运行。传过来的參数ActionEvent对象包括了当前正在被监听的对象。

监听器存在下面三个类:

  • 监听者:XxxxListener,是一个接口,里面会定义一个或若干方法。当被监听者触发某个动作时被运行。相当于一个回调函数
  • 被监听者:随意的对象都能够被监听。上面的被监听者就是button
  • 监听到的事件:XxxEvent,它永远都是一个详细类。用来存放数据,一般都会有一个getSource()方法,用来获取监听到的对象,还会提供一些其它的方法来获取相关的信息

1.1、编写一个观察者模式演示样例


被监听Person

package cn.zq.demo;

public class Person {
	
	private PersonListener l;
	
	public void addPersonListener(PersonListener l){
		this.l = l;
	}
	
	public void run() {
		
		//先运行监听器对象方法
		if(l != null){
			//传递事件源对象
			l.run(new PersonEvent(this));
		}
		System.out.println("Person->"+this + "->run...");
	}
}

监听器PersonListener

package cn.zq.demo;

public interface PersonListener {
	
	void run(PersonEvent e);
}

监听到的事件PersonEvent

package cn.zq.demo;

public class PersonEvent {
	
	private Object src;
	
	//构造事件对象时把被监听对象传进来
	public PersonEvent(Object src) {
		this.src = src;
	}
	
	public Object getSource(){
		return src;
	}
}
測试类:

package cn.zq.demo;

public class Main {
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Person p = new Person();
		p.addPersonListener(new PersonListener() {
			
			public void run(PersonEvent e) {
				System.out.println("event->"+e.getSource() + "->run....");
			}
		});
		
		//触发用户的run方法
		p.run();
	}
}

当调用Person.run()方法时,首先会运行PersonListener.run()方法,再调用时会将PersonEvent事件对象传递进来,这个对象包括了当前的Person对象。


2、servlet监听器


在javaweb中主要监听这三个对象:ServletContext. HttpSession, ServletRequest,

基本的监听器例如以下表:



2.1、监听HttpServletRequest的创建个销毁


第一步:创建一个类,这个类实现ServletRequestListener

package cn.zq.listener;

import javax.servlet.ServletRequestEvent;
import javax.servlet.ServletRequestListener;

public class RequestListener implements ServletRequestListener{
    
    public void requestInitialized(ServletRequestEvent e) {
        System.out.println("request创建了!");
        System.out.println("这个request是"+e.getServletRequest());
    }
    
    public void requestDestroyed(ServletRequestEvent e) {
        System.out.println("request销毁了!");
        System.out.println("这个request是"+e.getServletRequest());
    }

}

第二步:在web.xml文件里配置

  <listener>
  	<listener-class>cn.zq.listener.RequestListener</listener-class>
  </listener>

第三步:部署,启动tomcat。查看结果

request创建了!
这个request是org.apache.catalina.connector.RequestFacade@19845fb
request销毁了!
这个request是org.apache.catalina.connector.RequestFacade@19845fb

注意:配置listener时仅仅需提供一个类名即可了。tomcat启动时会依据其类型自己主动的载入。和Servlet, Filter一样,Listener也是单例的,也就是在tomcat容器中仅仅会载入一次。

2.2、记录站点的在线人数

分析:仅仅要有人訪问,创建一个session就是一个会话,一个会话就是一个在线人数。所以须要监听session的创建和销毁。

第一步:编写一个类实现HttpSessionListener接口

package cn.zq.listener;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionEvent;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionListener;

public class MyHttpSessionListener implements HttpSessionListener{

	public void sessionCreated(HttpSessionEvent e) {
		System.out.println("有人訪问本网站了...");
		HttpSession session = e.getSession();
		System.out.println("session->"+session+"("+session.getId()+")");
		ServletContext sc = session.getServletContext();
		Integer onlineCount = (Integer) sc.getAttribute("onlineCount");
		if(onlineCount == null){
			onlineCount = 0;
		}
		sc.setAttribute("onlineCount", ++onlineCount);
	}

	public void sessionDestroyed(HttpSessionEvent e) {
		System.out.println("有人退出了 ->"+e.getSession().getId());
		ServletContext sc = e.getSession().getServletContext();
		Integer onlineCount = (Integer) sc.getAttribute("onlineCount");
		if(onlineCount != null && onlineCount > 0){
			sc.setAttribute("onlineCount", --onlineCount);
		}
	}

}

第二步:在web.xml文件里配置

  <listener>
  	<listener-class>cn.zq.filter.MyHttpSessionListener</listener-class>
  </listener>

第三步:在jsp文件里增加:

<p>在线人数:${applicationScope.onlineCount }</p>

为了能让測试快点看到效果,应该在web.xml文件里配置session存活的时间:

  <session-config>
  	<!-- 分钟 -->
  	<session-timeout>1</session-timeout>
  </session-config>

2.3、监听session属性的变化(HttpSessionAttributeListener)

第一步:编写一个类实现HttpSessionAttributeListener

package cn.zq.listener;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionAttributeListener;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionBindingEvent;

/**
 * 监听session属性变化
 * @author zq
 *
 */
public class SessionAttributeListener implements HttpSessionAttributeListener{
	
	/**
	 * 属性被加入后运行此方法
	 */
	public void attributeAdded(HttpSessionBindingEvent event) {
		System.out.println("加入session属性");
		HttpSession session = event.getSession();
		System.out.println("session ->" + session);
		//属性名
		String name = event.getName();
		//属性值
		Object value = event.getValue();
		System.out.println(name + "=" + value);
	}
	
	/**
	 * 属性被移除时运行这种方法
	 */
	public void attributeRemoved(HttpSessionBindingEvent event) {
		System.out.println("移除session属性");
		HttpSession session = event.getSession();
		System.out.println("session ->" + session);
		//属性名
		String name = event.getName();
		//属性值
		Object value = event.getValue();
		System.out.println(name + "=" + value);
	}

	public void attributeReplaced(HttpSessionBindingEvent event) {
		System.out.println("替换session属性");
		HttpSession session = event.getSession();
		System.out.println("session ->" + session);
		//属性名
		String name = event.getName();
		//属性值
		Object value = event.getValue();
		System.out.println("替换前:"+name + "=" + value);
		System.out.println("替换后:"+name + "=" + session.getAttribute(name));
	}

}
第二步:在web.xml中配置这个监听器

  <listener>
  	<listener-class>cn.zq.listener.SessionAttributeListener</listener-class>
  </listener>

第三步:測试


    <%
    	session.setAttribute("name", "RiccioZhang");
    	session.setAttribute("name", "zq");
    	session.removeAttribute("name");
    %>

加入session属性
session ->org.apache.catalina.session.StandardSessionFacade@1a8739b
name=RiccioZhang
替换session属性
session ->org.apache.catalina.session.StandardSessionFacade@1a8739b
替换前:name=RiccioZhang
替换后:name=zq
移除session属性
session ->org.apache.catalina.session.StandardSessionFacade@1a8739b
name=zq

2.4、小案例

(1)显示登录人数

(2)显示登录人的ip,session的创建时间、最后訪问时间

(3)能够踢出某个用户

分析:仅仅要有人登录(输入了username)就会放到session中,Session.setAttribute("user", "zq");

实现第一个核心类:

package cn.zq.listener;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionAttributeListener;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionBindingEvent;

public class MySessionAttrListener implements HttpSessionAttributeListener{

	public void attributeAdded(HttpSessionBindingEvent event) {
		String name = event.getName();
		if("user".equals(name)){
			ServletContext sc = event.getSession()
						.getServletContext();
			
			//将session缓存到map中
			@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
			Map<String, HttpSession> m = (Map<String, HttpSession>) sc.getAttribute("login");
			if(m == null){
				m = new HashMap<String, HttpSession>();
				sc.setAttribute("login", m);
			}
			m.put(event.getSession().getId(), event.getSession());
		}
	}

	public void attributeRemoved(HttpSessionBindingEvent event) {
		String name = event.getName();
		if("user".equals(name)){
			HttpSession session = event.getSession();
			ServletContext sc = session.getServletContext();
			
			@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
			Map<String, HttpSession> m = (Map<String, HttpSession>) sc.getAttribute("login");
			if(m != null){
				m.remove(session.getId());
			}
		}
	}

	public void attributeReplaced(HttpSessionBindingEvent event) {}

}
配置:

  <listener>
  	<listener-class>cn.zq.listener.MySessionAttrListener</listener-class>
  </listener>

开发登录,退出功能:

(1)登录页面

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c"%>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
  <head>
    <title>主页</title>
  </head>
  
  <body>
   	<c:choose>
   		<c:when test="${empty sessionScope.user}">
   			<form action="<c:url value='/Login'/>" method="post">
   				<input type="text" name="name"><br/>
   				<input type="submit" >
   			</form>
   		</c:when>
   		<c:otherwise>
   			欢迎您,${sessionScope.user }<br/>
   			<a href="<c:url value='/Login'/>">退出</a><br/>
   		</c:otherwise>
   	</c:choose>
   	<a href="<c:url value='/ShowServlet'/>">显示全部登录人数</a>
  </body>
</html>
(2)开发处理登录、退出的servlet

package cn.zq.servlet;

import java.io.IOException;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
	private static final long serialVersionUID = 3059445154848670189L;

	public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
			throws ServletException, IOException {
		request.getSession()
			.removeAttribute("user");
		response.sendRedirect(request.getContextPath() + "/index.jsp");
	}

	public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
			throws ServletException, IOException {
		request.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
		String name = request.getParameter("name");
		request.getSession().setAttribute("user", name);
		request.getSession().setAttribute("ip", request.getRemoteAddr());
		response.sendRedirect(request.getContextPath() + "/index.jsp");
	}

}

配置:

  <servlet>
    <servlet-name>ShowServlet</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>cn.zq.servlet.ShowServlet</servlet-class>
  </servlet>
 <servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>LoginServlet</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/Login</url-pattern>
  </servlet-mapping>

开发转换登录人集合数据的servlet和显示登录人信息的页面

(1)获取登录人集合并将其转换成一个MapList。将封装好的信息传递到显示页面


package cn.zq.servlet;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Map.Entry;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;

public class ShowServlet extends HttpServlet {

	/**
	 * 
	 */
	private static final long serialVersionUID = 8867391453104991999L;

	public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
			throws ServletException, IOException {

		doPost(request, response);
	}

	public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
			throws ServletException, IOException {
		ServletContext sc = getServletContext();
		@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
		Map<String, HttpSession> m = (Map<String, HttpSession>) 
					sc.getAttribute("login");
		List<Map<String, Object>> list = new ArrayList<Map<String,Object>>();
		if(m != null){
			DateFormat df = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
			for(Iterator<Map.Entry<String, HttpSession>> it = m.entrySet().iterator();
					it.hasNext();){
				Entry<String, HttpSession> entry = it.next();
				Map<String, Object> mapBean = new HashMap<String, Object>();
				mapBean.put("sessionid", entry.getKey());
				mapBean.put("user", entry.getValue().getAttribute("user"));
				mapBean.put("creationTime", df.format(new Date(entry.getValue().getCreationTime())));
				mapBean.put("lastAccessTime", df.format(new Date(entry.getValue().getLastAccessedTime())));
				mapBean.put("ip", entry.getValue().getAttribute("ip"));
				list.add(mapBean);
			}
		}
		
		request.setAttribute("list", list);
		request.getRequestDispatcher("/page/show.jsp")
			.forward(request, response);
	}

}

(2)显示页面取出数据显示

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c"%>
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions" prefix="fn"%>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
  <head>
    <title>显示登录人数</title>
  </head>
  <body>
  	<p>欢迎您:<c:out value="${user }"></c:out>,共${fn:length(list) }人。下面是全部登录人数:</p>
 	<table border="1">
 		<tr>
 			<th>姓名</th>
 			<th>登录时间</th>
 			<th>最后訪问时间</th>
 			<th>登录ip</th>
 			<th>操作</th>
 		</tr>
 		<c:forEach items="${list}" var="m">
 			<tr>
	 			<td>${m.user}</td>
	 			<td>${m.creationTime}</td>
	 			<td>${m.lastAccessTime}</td>
	 			<td>${m.ip}</td>
	 			<td>
	 				<a href="<c:url value='/KickupServlet?

id=${m.sessionid }'/>">踢出</a> </td> </tr> </c:forEach> </table> </body> </html>


开发第二个核心类,实现将用户踢出的功能

package cn.zq.servlet;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Map;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;

public class KickupServlet extends HttpServlet {

	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1007302413238302848L;
	
	public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
			throws ServletException, IOException {

		doPost(request, response);
	}

	public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
			throws ServletException, IOException {
		String id = request.getParameter("id");
		ServletContext sc = getServletContext();
		Map<String, HttpSession> login = (Map<String, HttpSession>) sc.getAttribute("login");
		
		HttpSession session = login.get(id);
		if(session != null){
			session.removeAttribute("user");
		}
		login.remove(id);
		response.sendRedirect(request.getContextPath() + "/ShowServlet");
	}

}

配置:

 <servlet>
    <servlet-name>KickupServlet</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>cn.zq.servlet.KickupServlet</servlet-class>
  </servlet>
 <servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>KickupServlet</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/KickupServlet</url-pattern>
  </servlet-mapping>

完毕以上步骤,并測试自己写的程序。


2.5、ServletContextListener用于监听ServletContext的创建和销毁

     这个监听器非常实用,比方能够在web容器启动的是否载入一些配置文件,运行一些初始化操作,web容器停止时,运行一些清楚操作。spring就是使用监听器在web容器启动时运行初始化的。

       ServletContextListener有2个方法:

  •  void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent sce) 此方法在web容器启动时运行
  •  void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent sce)此方法在web容器正常停止时运行

做一个案例:开发一个显示站点的訪问次数的小功能

分析:应该将訪问次数存放到servletContext中,为了避免訪问次数的丢失。应当将server停止时将訪问次数放到文件里保存,server启动时再从文件里读取,这个操作应当在ServletContextListener监听器中做。

用户每发送一次请求就算是一次訪问,记录訪问次数的添加,能够再过滤器中做。也能够在ServletRequestListener中做(创建一个request对象就是一次訪问),由于在学习监听器,所以我选择后者。

(1)开发一个ServletContextListener和一个ServletRequestListener

package cn.zq.listener;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;

import javax.servlet.ServletContextEvent;
import javax.servlet.ServletContextListener;

public class MyServletContextListener implements ServletContextListener{

	public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent sce) {
		System.out.println("ServletContext:"+sce.getServletContext()+"->init...");
		String path = MyServletContextListener.class.getClassLoader().getResource("vist.txt").getFile();
		try {
			BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(path));
			String line = br.readLine();
			long vistCount = 0;
			if(line != null && line.length() > 0){
				vistCount = Long.parseLong(line);
			}
			sce.getServletContext().setAttribute("vistCount", vistCount);
			System.out.println("初始化的訪问次数:"+vistCount);
			br.close();
		} catch (IOException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
	}
	
	public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent sce) {
		System.out.println("ServletContext:"+sce.getServletContext()+"->destroy...");
		String path = MyServletContextListener.class.getClassLoader().getResource("vist.txt").getFile();
		try {
			FileWriter fw = new FileWriter(path);
			Long vistCount = (Long) sce.getServletContext()
					.getAttribute("vistCount");
			if(vistCount != null){
				fw.write(vistCount.toString());
			}
			fw.close();
		} catch (IOException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		
	}


}

package cn.zq.listener;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletRequestEvent;
import javax.servlet.ServletRequestListener;

public class RequestListener implements ServletRequestListener {

	public void requestInitialized(ServletRequestEvent e) {
		System.out.println(e.getServletRequest()+"->创建了");
		ServletContext sc = e.getServletContext();
		Long vistCount = (Long) sc.getAttribute("vistCount");
		if(vistCount == null){
			vistCount = 0L;
		}
		sc.setAttribute("vistCount", ++vistCount);
	}
	
	public void requestDestroyed(ServletRequestEvent e) {
		System.out.println(e.getServletRequest() + "->销毁了");
	}
}

配置:

 <listener>
 	<listener-class>cn.zq.listener.RequestListener</listener-class>
 </listener>
 <listener>
 	<listener-class> cn.zq.listener.MyServletContextListener</listener-class>
 </listener>

(2)从jsp页面获取訪问次数。測试tomcat正常停止后,再次启动能否读取到曾经 訪问次数。


2.6、HttpSessionBindingListener--用于监听一个对象是否被绑定到session中

    要监听一个对象是否被绑定到了session对象中。这个对象须要实现HttpSessionbindingListener这个接口,注意:仅仅须要实现这个接口,不须要配置到web.xml文件里。

(1)先开发一个Person类实现这个接口

package cn.zq.domain;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionBindingEvent;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionBindingListener;

public class Person implements HttpSessionBindingListener{

	public void valueBound(HttpSessionBindingEvent event) {
		String name = event.getName();
		Object value = event.getValue();
		System.out.println(value+"被绑定到session中了");
		System.out.println(name + "=" + value);
	}

	public void valueUnbound(HttpSessionBindingEvent event) {
		System.out.println(event.getValue()+"从session中解绑了");
	}

}

(2)在jsp中增加例如以下代码

    <%
    	Person p = new Person();
    	session.setAttribute("p", p);
    	session.removeAttribute("p");
    %>

(3)測试。并查看结果

这个监听器用处并不大,使用了这个监听器。那么javabean就与这个接口耦合起来了,添加了耦合度,那么意味着这个javabean就必须依赖servel api而存在,没有了就会出现错误


2.7、HttpSessionActivationListener--监听对象的活化和钝化

实现此接口的javabean能够感知活化(从硬盘到内存)或钝化(从内存到硬盘)的过程,假设同一时候须要保存在session中的javabean,则此javabean须要实现Serializable接口,实现此接口的javabean,不须要配置到web.xml文件里。在session被活化或钝化时,保存在session中的对应javabean运行的方法。

(1)编写一个Person类实现此接口,而且实现序列化接口

package cn.zq.domain;

import java.io.Serializable;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionActivationListener;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionEvent;

public class Person implements HttpSessionActivationListener, 
			Serializable{

	private static final long serialVersionUID = 7606213806247294106L;
	
	private String name;
	
	
	public Person(String name) {
		this.name = name;
	}

	public Person() {}

	public String getName() {
		return name;
	}

	public void setName(String name) {
		this.name = name;
	}

	public String toString() {
		return "Person [name=" + name + "]";
	}

	public void sessionDidActivate(HttpSessionEvent e) {
		System.out.println("------------------------");
		System.out.println(this+"活了...");
		System.out.println("这个session是"+e.getSession());
	}

	public void sessionWillPassivate(HttpSessionEvent e) {
		System.out.println("------------------------");
		System.out.println(this+"钝化了...");
		System.out.println("这个session是"+e.getSession());
	}


}

(2)在tomcat的文件夹下的confCatalinalocalhost配置这个项目

<Context  docBase="D:\code\j2ee\listener\WebRoot">
	<Manager className="org.apache.catalina.session.PersistentManager"
			 saveOnRestart="true">
			<Store className="org.apache.catalina.session.FileStore"
				   directory="c:/a">
			</Store>
	</Manager>
</Context>

(3)编写測试jsp

	<%
		if(session.getAttribute("p") == null){
			int rand = new Random().nextInt(50);
			Person p = new Person();
			p.setName("p" + rand);
			session.setAttribute("p", p);
		}
		
		//在浏览器设置这个cookie能确保,下次訪问时。通知server当前的cookie
		Cookie cookie = new Cookie("JSESSIONID", session.getId());
		cookie.setMaxAge(60*10);
		cookie.setPath(request.getContextPath());
		response.addCookie(cookie);
	%>
	${p }
	<hr/>
	<%=session.getId() %>
	<hr/>
(4)測试并查看结果,将每次的结果进行对照。










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原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/gcczhongduan/p/4834163.html