Exercise:PCA and Whitening
习题链接：Exercise:PCA and Whitening
pca_gen.m
%%================================================================ %% Step 0a: Load data % Here we provide the code to load natural image data into x. % x will be a 144 * 10000 matrix, where the kth column x(:, k) corresponds to % the raw image data from the kth 12x12 image patch sampled. % You do not need to change the code below. x = sampleIMAGESRAW(); figure('name','Raw images'); randsel = randi(size(x,2),200,1); % A random selection of samples for visualization display_network(x(:,randsel)); %%================================================================ %% Step 0b: Zero-mean the data (by row) % You can make use of the mean and repmat/bsxfun functions. % -------------------- YOUR CODE HERE -------------------- x = x-repmat(mean(x,1),size(x,1),1); %%================================================================ %% Step 1a: Implement PCA to obtain xRot % Implement PCA to obtain xRot, the matrix in which the data is expressed % with respect to the eigenbasis of sigma, which is the matrix U. % -------------------- YOUR CODE HERE -------------------- %xRot = zeros(size(x)); % You need to compute this sigma = x*x' ./ size(x,2); [u,s,v] = svd(sigma); xRot = u' * x; %%================================================================ %% Step 1b: Check your implementation of PCA % The covariance matrix for the data expressed with respect to the basis U % should be a diagonal matrix with non-zero entries only along the main % diagonal. We will verify this here. % Write code to compute the covariance matrix, covar. % When visualised as an image, you should see a straight line across the % diagonal (non-zero entries) against a blue background (zero entries). % -------------------- YOUR CODE HERE -------------------- %covar = zeros(size(x, 1)); % You need to compute this covar = xRot*xRot' ./ size(x,2); % Visualise the covariance matrix. You should see a line across the % diagonal against a blue background. figure('name','Visualisation of covariance matrix'); imagesc(covar); %%================================================================ %% Step 2: Find k, the number of components to retain % Write code to determine k, the number of components to retain in order % to retain at least 99% of the variance. % -------------------- YOUR CODE HERE -------------------- %k = 0; % Set k accordingly eigenvalue = diag(covar); total = sum(eigenvalue); tmpSum = 0; for k=1:size(x,1) tmpSum = tmpSum+eigenvalue(k); if(tmpSum / total >= 0.9) break; end end %%================================================================ %% Step 3: Implement PCA with dimension reduction % Now that you have found k, you can reduce the dimension of the data by % discarding the remaining dimensions. In this way, you can represent the % data in k dimensions instead of the original 144, which will save you % computational time when running learning algorithms on the reduced % representation. % % Following the dimension reduction, invert the PCA transformation to produce % the matrix xHat, the dimension-reduced data with respect to the original basis. % Visualise the data and compare it to the raw data. You will observe that % there is little loss due to throwing away the principal components that % correspond to dimensions with low variation. % -------------------- YOUR CODE HERE -------------------- %xHat = zeros(size(x)); % You need to compute this xRot(k+1:size(x,1), :) = 0; xHat = u * xRot; % Visualise the data, and compare it to the raw data % You should observe that the raw and processed data are of comparable quality. % For comparison, you may wish to generate a PCA reduced image which % retains only 90% of the variance. figure('name',['PCA processed images ',sprintf('(%d / %d dimensions)', k, size(x, 1)),'']); display_network(xHat(:,randsel)); figure('name','Raw images'); display_network(x(:,randsel)); %%================================================================ %% Step 4a: Implement PCA with whitening and regularisation % Implement PCA with whitening and regularisation to produce the matrix % xPCAWhite. %epsilon = 0; epsilon = 0.1; %xPCAWhite = zeros(size(x)); % -------------------- YOUR CODE HERE -------------------- xPCAWhite = diag(1 ./ sqrt(diag(s)+epsilon)) * u' * x; %%================================================================ %% Step 4b: Check your implementation of PCA whitening % Check your implementation of PCA whitening with and without regularisation. % PCA whitening without regularisation results a covariance matrix % that is equal to the identity matrix. PCA whitening with regularisation % results in a covariance matrix with diagonal entries starting close to % 1 and gradually becoming smaller. We will verify these properties here. % Write code to compute the covariance matrix, covar. % % Without regularisation (set epsilon to 0 or close to 0), % when visualised as an image, you should see a red line across the % diagonal (one entries) against a blue background (zero entries). % With regularisation, you should see a red line that slowly turns % blue across the diagonal, corresponding to the one entries slowly % becoming smaller. % -------------------- YOUR CODE HERE -------------------- covar = xPCAWhite * xPCAWhite' ./ size(x,2); % Visualise the covariance matrix. You should see a red line across the % diagonal against a blue background. figure('name','Visualisation of covariance matrix'); imagesc(covar); %%================================================================ %% Step 5: Implement ZCA whitening % Now implement ZCA whitening to produce the matrix xZCAWhite. % Visualise the data and compare it to the raw data. You should observe % that whitening results in, among other things, enhanced edges. %xZCAWhite = zeros(size(x)); xZCAWhite = u * xPCAWhite; % -------------------- YOUR CODE HERE -------------------- % Visualise the data, and compare it to the raw data. % You should observe that the whitened images have enhanced edges. figure('name','ZCA whitened images'); display_network(xZCAWhite(:,randsel)); figure('name','Raw images'); display_network(x(:,randsel));