java 元注解

1.概念讲解

(转载自:https://www.cnblogs.com/lyy-2016/p/6288535.html)

元注解是指注解的注解,包括@Retention @Target @Document @Inherited四种。

1.@Retention: 定义注解的保留策略
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)   //注解仅存在于源码中,在class字节码文件中不包含
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.CLASS)     // 默认的保留策略,注解会在class字节码文件中存在,但运行时无法获得,
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)  // 注解会在class字节码文件中存在,在运行时可以通过反射获取到
首 先要明确生命周期长度 SOURCE < CLASS < RUNTIME ,所以前者能作用的地方后者一定也能作用。一般如果需要在运行时去动态获取注解信息,那只能用 RUNTIME 注解;如果要在编译时进行一些预处理操作,比如生成一些辅助代码(如 ButterKnife),就用 CLASS注解;如果只是做一些检查性的操作,比如 @Override 和 @SuppressWarnings,则可选用 SOURCE 注解。


2.@Target:定义注解的作用目标
源码为:
@Documented  
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)  
@Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE)  
public @interface Target {  
    ElementType[] value();  
}  
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)   //接口、类、枚举、注解
@Target(ElementType.FIELD) //字段、枚举的常量
@Target(ElementType.METHOD) //方法
@Target(ElementType.PARAMETER) //方法参数
@Target(ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR)  //构造函数
@Target(ElementType.LOCAL_VARIABLE)//局部变量
@Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE)//注解
@Target(ElementType.PACKAGE) ///包    
3.@Document:说明该注解将被包含在javadoc中
4.@Inherited:说明子类可以继承父类中的该注解

2.反射获取注解

举例:

复制代码
// 适用类、接口(包括注解类型)或枚举  
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)  
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)  
public @interface ClassInfo {  
    String value();  
}  
    
// 适用field属性,也包括enum常量  
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)  
@Target(ElementType.FIELD)  
public @interface FieldInfo {  
    int[] value();  
}  
// 适用方法  
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)  
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)  
public @interface MethodInfo {  
    String name() default "long";  
    String data();  
    int age() default 27;  
}  
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这3个注解分别适用于不同的元素,并都带有不同的属性,在使用注解是需要设置这些属性值。
再定义一个测试类来使用这些注解:

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@ClassInfo("Test Class")  
public class TestRuntimeAnnotation {  
 
    @FieldInfo(value = {1, 2})  
    public String fieldInfo = "FiledInfo";  
 
    @FieldInfo(value = {10086})  
    public int i = 100;  
 
    @MethodInfo(name = "BlueBird", data = "Big")  
    public static String getMethodInfo() {  
        return TestRuntimeAnnotation.class.getSimpleName();  
    }  
}  
在代码中获取注解信息:
private void _testRuntimeAnnotation() {  
    StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();  
    Class<?> cls = TestRuntimeAnnotation.class;  
    Constructor<?>[] constructors = cls.getConstructors();  
    // 获取指定类型的注解  
    sb.append("Class注解:").append("\n");  
    ClassInfo classInfo = cls.getAnnotation(ClassInfo.class);  
    if (classInfo != null) {  
        sb.append(Modifier.toString(cls.getModifiers())).append(" ")  
                .append(cls.getSimpleName()).append("\n");  
        sb.append("注解值: ").append(classInfo.value()).append("\n\n");  
    }  
 
    sb.append("Field注解:").append("\n");  
    Field[] fields = cls.getDeclaredFields();  
    for (Field field : fields) {  
        FieldInfo fieldInfo = field.getAnnotation(FieldInfo.class);  
        if (fieldInfo != null) {  
            sb.append(Modifier.toString(field.getModifiers())).append(" ")  
                    .append(field.getType().getSimpleName()).append(" ")  
                    .append(field.getName()).append("\n");  
            sb.append("注解值: ").append(Arrays.toString(fieldInfo.value())).append("\n\n");  
        }  
    }  
 
    sb.append("Method注解:").append("\n");  
    Method[] methods = cls.getDeclaredMethods();  
    for (Method method : methods) {  
        MethodInfo methodInfo = method.getAnnotation(MethodInfo.class);  
        if (methodInfo != null) {  
            sb.append(Modifier.toString(method.getModifiers())).append(" ")  
                    .append(method.getReturnType().getSimpleName()).append(" ")  
                    .append(method.getName()).append("\n");  
            sb.append("注解值: ").append("\n");  
            sb.append("name: ").append(methodInfo.name()).append("\n");  
            sb.append("data: ").append(methodInfo.data()).append("\n");  
            sb.append("age: ").append(methodInfo.age()).append("\n");  
        }  
    }  
 
    System.out.print(sb.toString());  
}  
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3.Java源代码如何处理注解

(转载自:https://www.jianshu.com/p/e9329c8a59c2  作者:测试你个头)

jdk中是通过AnnotatedElement(package java.lang.reflect)接口实现对注解的解析,我们的Class类实现了AnnotatedElement接口

public final class Class<T> implements java.io.Serializable,
                              GenericDeclaration,
                              Type,
                              AnnotatedElement {
  ......
}

AnnotatedElement代码:

 
 

AnnotatedElement的注释:
Represents an annotated element of the program currently running in this VM. This interface allows annotations to be read reflectively
翻译过来就是:AnnotatedElement代表了jvm中一个正在运行的被注解元素,这个接口允许通过反射的方式读取注解
可以看下Class类中对于AnnotatedElement接口都是如何实现的:

    /**
     * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
     * @since 1.5
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public <A extends Annotation> A getAnnotation(Class<A> annotationClass) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(annotationClass);

        return (A) annotationData().annotations.get(annotationClass);
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
     * @since 1.5
     */
    @Override
    public boolean isAnnotationPresent(Class<? extends Annotation> annotationClass) {
        return GenericDeclaration.super.isAnnotationPresent(annotationClass);
    }

    /**
     * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
     * @since 1.8
     */
    @Override
    public <A extends Annotation> A[] getAnnotationsByType(Class<A> annotationClass) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(annotationClass);

        AnnotationData annotationData = annotationData();
        return AnnotationSupport.getAssociatedAnnotations(annotationData.declaredAnnotations,
                                                          this,
                                                          annotationClass);
    }

    /**
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public Annotation[] getAnnotations() {
        return AnnotationParser.toArray(annotationData().annotations);
    }

    /**
     * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
     * @since 1.8
     */
    @Override
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public <A extends Annotation> A getDeclaredAnnotation(Class<A> annotationClass) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(annotationClass);

        return (A) annotationData().declaredAnnotations.get(annotationClass);
    }

    /**
     * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
     * @since 1.8
     */
    @Override
    public <A extends Annotation> A[] getDeclaredAnnotationsByType(Class<A> annotationClass) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(annotationClass);

        return AnnotationSupport.getDirectlyAndIndirectlyPresent(annotationData().declaredAnnotations,
                                                                 annotationClass);
    }

    /**
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public Annotation[] getDeclaredAnnotations()  {
        return AnnotationParser.toArray(annotationData().declaredAnnotations);
    }

上面的接口实现中,大致的原理都是一致的,我们挑选其中的getAnnotation方法来讲解:

  • getAnnotation
    根据注解的class实例从类的注解缓存数据中获取匹配的注解类型
    Controller是注解类型,Controller.getClass()获取到的就是Class实例
    1、代码中annotationData().annotations是一个Map(key为注解的Class实例,value为注解类型),源码为:
    // annotation data that might get invalidated when JVM TI RedefineClasses() is called
    private static class AnnotationData {
        final Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> annotations;
        final Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> declaredAnnotations;

        // Value of classRedefinedCount when we created this AnnotationData instance
        final int redefinedCount;

        AnnotationData(Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> annotations,
                       Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> declaredAnnotations,
                       int redefinedCount) {
            this.annotations = annotations;
            this.declaredAnnotations = declaredAnnotations;
            this.redefinedCount = redefinedCount;
        }
    }

2、annotationData()的源码是:

    private AnnotationData annotationData() {
        while (true) { // retry loop
            AnnotationData annotationData = this.annotationData;
            int classRedefinedCount = this.classRedefinedCount;
            if (annotationData != null &&
                annotationData.redefinedCount == classRedefinedCount) {
                return annotationData;
            }
            // null or stale annotationData -> optimistically create new instance
            AnnotationData newAnnotationData = createAnnotationData(classRedefinedCount);
            // try to install it
            if (Atomic.casAnnotationData(this, annotationData, newAnnotationData)) {
                // successfully installed new AnnotationData
                return newAnnotationData;
            }
        }
    }

核心的逻辑是:当this.annotationData为空,解析类中的annotationData并写入this.annotationData,最后都会返回this.annotationData

3、其中Atomic.casAnnotationData(this, annotationData, newAnnotationData)的作用便是将解析到的annotationData写入this.annotationData

        static <T> boolean casAnnotationData(Class<?> clazz,
                                             AnnotationData oldData,
                                             AnnotationData newData) {
            return unsafe.compareAndSwapObject(clazz, annotationDataOffset, oldData, newData);
        }

其中unsafe.compareAndSwapObject是一个native方法
4、而createAnnotationData(classRedefinedCount)的作用是解析类中用到的annotationData

    private AnnotationData createAnnotationData(int classRedefinedCount) {
        Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> declaredAnnotations =
            AnnotationParser.parseAnnotations(getRawAnnotations(), getConstantPool(), this);
        Class<?> superClass = getSuperclass();
        Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> annotations = null;
        if (superClass != null) {
            Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> superAnnotations =
                superClass.annotationData().annotations;
            for (Map.Entry<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> e : superAnnotations.entrySet()) {
                Class<? extends Annotation> annotationClass = e.getKey();
                if (AnnotationType.getInstance(annotationClass).isInherited()) {
                    if (annotations == null) { // lazy construction
                        annotations = new LinkedHashMap<>((Math.max(
                                declaredAnnotations.size(),
                                Math.min(12, declaredAnnotations.size() + superAnnotations.size())
                            ) * 4 + 2) / 3
                        );
                    }
                    annotations.put(annotationClass, e.getValue());
                }
            }
        }
        if (annotations == null) {
            // no inherited annotations -> share the Map with declaredAnnotations
            annotations = declaredAnnotations;
        } else {
            // at least one inherited annotation -> declared may override inherited
            annotations.putAll(declaredAnnotations);
        }
        return new AnnotationData(annotations, declaredAnnotations, classRedefinedCount);
    }

整个的处理逻辑是:
1、获取类本身的declaredAnnotations
2、获取父类的annotations
3、将declaredAnnotations+annotations整合,返回

Annotation解析的范例代码:

@Component
public class SSHClient {
  ......
}
public class AnnotationHelper {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Annotation[] annotations = new Annotation[0];

        annotations = SSHClient.class.getAnnotations();

        for (Annotation annotation : annotations) {
            System.out.println(annotation.toString());
            System.out.println(annotation.annotationType());
            System.out.println(annotation.getClass().getName());
            System.out.println(annotation.getClass().getTypeName());
            System.out.println(annotation.getClass().toString());
        }

        if (SSHClient.class.isAnnotationPresent(Component.class)) {
            System.out.println("find Component annotation");
        }

        Annotation annotation = SSHClient.class.getAnnotation(Component.class);

        System.out.println(annotation.toString());
        System.out.println(annotation.annotationType());
        System.out.println(annotation.getClass().getName());
        System.out.println(annotation.getClass().getTypeName());
        System.out.println(annotation.getClass().toString());
    }
}

执行结果:


 
 

可以看到,通过Annotation接口中定义的annotationType()可以获取Annotation的类型

实际应用中,比如spring框架中对注解的解析有专门的工具类,但是都是基于AnnotatedElement中定义的方法来实现的

以上,就是整个元注解和注解解析相关的讲解。

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/frankcui/p/10226729.html