JavaScript是如何实现继承的(六种方式)

1.原型链

基本思想:利用原型让一个引用类型继承另外一个引用类型的属性和方法。

构造函数,原型,实例之间的关系:每个构造函数都有一个原型对象,原型对象包含一个指向构造函数的指针,而实例都包含一个指向原型对象的内部指针。

原型链实现继承例子: 

function Super(){
    this.val = 1;
    this.arr = [1];
}
function Sub(){
    // ...
}
Sub.prototype = new Super();    // 核心
 
var sub1 = new Sub();
var sub2 = new Sub();
sub1.val = 2;
sub1.arr.push(2);
alert(sub1.val);    // 2
alert(sub2.val);    // 1
 
alert(sub1.arr);    // 1, 2
alert(sub2.arr);    // 1, 2

2.借用构造函数

基本思想:在子类型构造函数的内部调用超类构造函数,通过使用call()和apply()方法可以在新创建的对象上执行构造函数。

function SuperType() {
this.colors = ["red","blue","green"];
}
function SubType() {
SuperType.call(this);//继承了SuperType
}
var instance1 = new SubType();
instance1.colors.push("black");
console.log(instance1.colors);//"red","blue","green","black"
var instance2 = new SubType();
console.log(instance2.colors);//"red","blue","green"
例:
function Super(val){
    this.val = val;
    this.arr = [1];
 
    this.fun = function(){
        // ...
    }
}
function Sub(val){
    Super.call(this, val);   // 核心
    // ...
}
 
var sub1 = new Sub(1);
var sub2 = new Sub(2);
sub1.arr.push(2);
alert(sub1.val);    // 1
alert(sub2.val);    // 2
 
alert(sub1.arr);    // 1, 2
alert(sub2.arr);    // 1
 
alert(sub1.fun === sub2.fun);   // false

3.组合继承

基本思想:将原型链和借用构造函数的技术组合在一块,从而发挥两者之长的一种继承模式。

例子:

function SuperType(name) {
this.name = name;
this.colors = ["red","blue","green"];
}
SuperType.prototype.sayName = function() {
console.log(this.name);
}
function SubType(name, age) {
SuperType.call(this,name);//继承属性
this.age = age;
}
//继承方法
SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
Subtype.prototype.constructor = Subtype;
Subtype.prototype.sayAge = function() {
console.log(this.age);
}
var instance1 = new SubType("EvanChen",18);
instance1.colors.push("black");
consol.log(instance1.colors);//"red","blue","green","black"
instance1.sayName();//"EvanChen"
instance1.sayAge();//18
var instance2 = new SubType("EvanChen666",20);
console.log(instance2.colors);//"red","blue","green"
instance2.sayName();//"EvanChen666"
instance2.sayAge();//20
例:
function Super(){
    // 只在此处声明基本属性和引用属性
    this.val = 1;
    this.arr = [1];
}
//  在此处声明函数
Super.prototype.fun1 = function(){};
Super.prototype.fun2 = function(){};
//Super.prototype.fun3...
function Sub(){
    Super.call(this);   // 核心
    // ...
}
Sub.prototype = new Super();    // 核心
 
var sub1 = new Sub(1);
var sub2 = new Sub(2);
alert(sub1.fun === sub2.fun);   // true

4.原型式继承

基本想法:借助原型可以基于已有的对象创建新对象,同时还不必须因此创建自定义的类型。

原型式继承的思想可用以下函数来说明:

function object(o) {
function F(){}
F.prototype = o;
return new F();
 
var person = {
name:"EvanChen",
friends:["Shelby","Court","Van"];
};
var anotherPerson = object(person);
anotherPerson.name = "Greg";
anotherPerson.friends.push("Rob");
var yetAnotherPerson = object(person);
yetAnotherPerson.name = "Linda";
yetAnotherPerson.friends.push("Barbie");
console.log(person.friends);//"Shelby","Court","Van","Rob","Barbie"
ECMAScript5通过新增Object.create()方法规范化了原型式继承,这个方法接收两个参数:一个用作新对象原型的对象和一个作为新对象定义额外属性的对象。
var person = {
name:"EvanChen",
friends:["Shelby","Court","Van"];
};
var anotherPerson = Object.create(person);
anotherPerson.name = "Greg";
anotherPerson.friends.push("Rob");
var yetAnotherPerson = Object.create(person);
yetAnotherPerson.name = "Linda";
yetAnotherPerson.friends.push("Barbie");
console.log(person.friends);//"Shelby","Court","Van","Rob","Barbie"
 
5.寄生式继承

基本思想:创建一个仅用于封装继承过程的函数,该函数在内部以某种方式来增强对象,最后再像真正是它做了所有工作一样返回对象。

例子:

function createAnother(original) {
var clone = object(original);
clone.sayHi = function () {
alert("hi");
};
return clone;
}
var person = {
name:"EvanChen",
friends:["Shelby","Court","Van"];
};
var anotherPerson = createAnother(person);
anotherPerson.sayHi();///"hi"

6.寄生组合式继承

基本思想:通过借用函数来继承属性,通过原型链的混成形式来继承方法

其基本模型如下所示:

function inheritProperty(subType, superType) {
var prototype = object(superType.prototype);//创建对象
prototype.constructor = subType;//增强对象
subType.prototype = prototype;//指定对象
}

例子:

function SuperType(name){
this.name = name;
this.colors = ["red","blue","green"];
}
SuperType.prototype.sayName = function (){
alert(this.name);
};
function SubType(name,age){
SuperType.call(this,name);
this.age = age;
}
inheritProperty(SubType,SuperType);
SubType.prototype.sayAge = function() {
alert(this.age);
}
 
function beget(obj){   // 生孩子函数 beget:龙beget龙,凤beget凤。
    var F = function(){};
    F.prototype = obj;
    return new F();
}
function Super(){
    // 只在此处声明基本属性和引用属性
    this.val = 1;
    this.arr = [1];
}
//  在此处声明函数
Super.prototype.fun1 = function(){};
Super.prototype.fun2 = function(){};
//Super.prototype.fun3...
function Sub(){
    Super.call(this);   // 核心
    // ...
}
var proto = beget(Super.prototype); // 核心
proto.constructor = Sub;            // 核心
Sub.prototype = proto;              // 核心
 
var sub = new Sub();
alert(sub.val);
alert(sub.arr);
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/flower-qh/p/7126614.html