今日概要
- scrapy下载中间件
- UA池
- 代理池
一，下载中间件（Downloader Middlewares） 位于scrapy引擎和下载器之间的一层组件。
- 作用：
（1）引擎将请求传递给下载器过程中，下载中间件可以对请求进行一系列处理。比如设置请求的User-Agent，设置代理等；
（2）在下载器完成将Response传递给引擎中，下载中间件可以对响应进行一系列处理。比如进行gzip解压等。
我们主要使用下载中间件处理请求，一般会对请求设置随机的User-Agent，设置随机的代理。目的在于防止爬取网站的反爬虫策略。
二，UA池：User-Agent池
- 作用：尽可能多的将scrapy工程中的请求伪装成不同类型的浏览器身份。
- 操作流程：
1，在下载中间件中拦截请求
2，将拦截到的请求的请求头信息中的UA进行篡改伪装
3，在配置文件中开启下载中间件
三.代理池
- 作用：尽可能多的将scrapy工程中的请求的IP设置成不同的。
- 操作流程：
1.在下载中间件中拦截请求
2.将拦截到的请求的IP修改成某一代理IP
3.在配置文件中开启下载中间件
代码展示：
settings.py
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
'middlePro.middlewares.MiddleproDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
}
middlewares.py
from scrapy import signals
import random
class MiddleproDownloaderMiddleware(object):
user_agent_list = [
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 "
"(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1207.1 Safari/537.1",
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; CrOS i686 2268.111.0) AppleWebKit/536.11 "
"(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.57 Safari/536.11",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.6 "
"(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1092.0 Safari/536.6",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.6 "
"(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1090.0 Safari/536.6",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 "
"(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.77.34.5 Safari/537.1",
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/536.5 "
"(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.9 Safari/536.5",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0) AppleWebKit/536.5 "
"(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.36 Safari/536.5",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
"(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
"(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_8_0) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
"(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
"(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
"(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
"(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
"(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
"(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
"(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.0 Safari/536.3",
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/535.24 "
"(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.24 "
"(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24"
]
# 可被选用的代理IP
PROXY_http = [
'153.180.102.104:80',
'195.208.131.189:56055',
]
PROXY_https = [
'120.83.49.90:9000',
'95.189.112.214:35508',
]
#拦截所有未发生异常的请求
def process_request(self, request, spider):
# Called for each request that goes through the downloader
# middleware.
# Must either:
# - return None: continue processing this request
# - or return a Response object
# - or return a Request object
# - or raise IgnoreRequest: process_exception() methods of
# installed downloader middleware will be called
#使用UA池进行请求的UA伪装
print('this is process_request')
request.headers['User-Agent'] = random.choice(self.user_agent_list)
print(request.headers['User-Agent'])
return None
#拦截所有的响应
def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
# Called with the response returned from the downloader.
# Must either;
# - return a Response object
# - return a Request object
# - or raise IgnoreRequest
return response
#拦截到产生异常的请求
def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
# Called when a download handler or a process_request()
# (from other downloader middleware) raises an exception.
# Must either:
# - return None: continue processing this exception
# - return a Response object: stops process_exception() chain
# - return a Request object: stops process_exception() chain
# 使用代理池进行请求代理ip的设置
print('this is process_exception!')
if request.url.split(':')[0] == 'http':
request.meta['proxy'] = random.choice(self.PROXY_http)
else:
request.meta['proxy'] = random.choice(self.PROXY_https)