UNIX Domain socket
虽然网络socket也可用于同一台主机的进程间通讯（通过lo地址127.0.0.1），但是unix domain socket用于IPC更有效率：不需要经过网络协议栈，不需要打包拆包/计算校验和/维护信号和应答等。只是将应用层数据从一个进程拷贝到另一个进程。这是因为IPC机制本质上是可靠的通讯，而网络协议是不可靠的通讯。
unix domain socket也提供面向流和面向数据的两种API接口，类似TCP和UDP，但是面向消息的unix domain socket也是可靠的，消息既不会丢失也不会顺序错乱。
socket:address family指定为AF_UNIX,type可以选择SOCK_DGRAM或SOCK_STREAM，protocol参数仍指定为0即可。
unix domain socket的地址格式用sockaddr_un表示，指定一个socket类型文件在文件系统中的路径。这个socket文件有bind()调用创建，如果调用bind()时该文件已存在，则bind()错误返回。
unix domain socket客户端一般要显示调用bind(),而不是依赖系统自动分配的地址。客户端bind一个自己指定的socket文件名的好处是，该文件可以包含客户端的pid以便服务器区分不同的客户端。
time + pid
sprintf(cli_addr.sun_path, "%u.%u.sock", time(NULL), getpid()).
注：客户端与服务器端各自绑定自己的文件，文件名必须不同（两端的文件名没有联系）。
地址格式，摘自man unix：
A UNIX domain socket address is represented in the following structure:
#define UNIX_PATH_MAX 108
struct sockaddr_un {
sa_family_t sun_family; /* AF_UNIX */
char sun_path[UNIX_PATH_MAX]; /* pathname */
};
sun_family always contains AF_UNIX.
Three types of address are distinguished in this structure:
* pathname: a UNIX domain socket can be bound to a null-terminated file system pathname using
bind(2). When the address of the socket is returned by getsockname(2), getpeername(2), and
accept(2), its length is offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(sun_path) + 1, and
sun_path contains the null-terminated pathname.
* unnamed: A stream socket that has not been bound to a pathname using bind(2) has no name. Like?
wise, the two sockets created by socketpair(2) are unnamed. When the address of an unnamed socket
is returned by getsockname(2), getpeername(2), and accept(2), its length is sizeof(sa_family_t),
and sun_path should not be inspected.
* abstract: an abstract socket address is distinguished by the fact that sun_path[0] is a null byte
(' '). The socket's address in this namespace is given by the additional bytes in sun_path that
are covered by the specified length of the address structure. (Null bytes in the name have no spe‐
cial significance.) The name has no connection with file system pathnames. When the address of an
abstract socket is returned by getsockname(2), getpeername(2), and accept(2), the returned addrlen
is greater than sizeof(sa_family_t) (i.e., greater than 2), and the name of the socket is contained
in the first (addrlen - sizeof(sa_family_t)) bytes of sun_path. The abstract socket namespace is a
nonportable Linux extension.
例程一（UDP）：
// UDP server.c #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <string.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <sys/un.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <sys/stat.h> #define BUF_SIZE 10 #define DES_PATH "/tmp/main.socket" int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int sd; struct sockaddr_un un, peer_un; socklen_t len; int i; int ret; char buf[BUF_SIZE]; sd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); if(sd < 0) { perror("socket"); return -1; } unlink(DES_PATH); memset(&un, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un)); un.sun_family = AF_UNIX; strncpy(un.sun_path, DES_PATH, sizeof(un.sun_path) - 1); ret = bind(sd, (struct sockaddr *)&un, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un)); if(ret < 0) { perror("bind"); return -1; } while(1) { memset(buf, 0, BUF_SIZE); // len = offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(un.sun_path) + 1; len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_un); ret = recvfrom(sd, buf, BUF_SIZE, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&peer_un, &len); if(ret > 0) { printf("Recvfrom [%d] bytes from >>%s: ", ret, peer_un.sun_path); for(i = 0; i < BUF_SIZE; i++) { printf("0x%.2x ", 0xFF&buf[i]); if(0 == (i + 1) % 5) { printf(" "); } } } else { printf("Recvfrom [%d] ", ret); } } close(sd); return 0; }
// UDP client #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <string.h> #include <stddef.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <time.h> #include <sys/un.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <sys/stat.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int sd; struct sockaddr_un un; socklen_t len; int tnode; int ret ; if(argc < 2) { return -1; } tnode = atoi(argv[1]); sd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); if(sd < 0) { perror("socket"); return -1; } memset(&un, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un)); un.sun_family = AF_UNIX; // strcpy(un.sun_path, "/tmp/main.socket"); snprintf(un.sun_path, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un), "%u.%u.sock", time(NULL), getpid()); printf("sockaddr is %s ", un.sun_path); ret = bind(sd, (struct sockaddr *)&un, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un)); if(ret < 0) { perror("bind"); return -1; } memset(&un, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un)); un.sun_family = AF_UNIX; strcpy(un.sun_path, "/tmp/main.socket"); len = offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(un.sun_path) + 1; sendto(sd, &tnode, sizeof(int), 0, (struct sockaddr *)&un, len); close(sd); return 0; }
运行结果：
~$./c 100 sockaddr is 1480428387.3096.sock ~$./c 1000 sockaddr is 1480428390.3097.sock ~$./c 10000 sockaddr is 1480428392.3099.sock ~$./c 100000 sockaddr is 1480428395.3100.sock ~$./c 1000001 sockaddr is 1480428398.3101.sock ~$./c 100 sockaddr is 1480428409.3103.sock
~$./s
Recvfrom [4] bytes from >>1480428387.3096.sock: 0x64 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 Recvfrom [4] bytes from >>1480428390.3097.sock: 0xe8 0x03 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 Recvfrom [4] bytes from >>1480428392.3099.sock: 0x10 0x27 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 Recvfrom [4] bytes from >>1480428395.3100.sock: 0xa0 0x86 0x01 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 Recvfrom [4] bytes from >>1480428398.3101.sock: 0x41 0x42 0x0f 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 Recvfrom [4] bytes from >>1480428409.3103.sock: 0x64 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00
如果在server端读数据前延迟一段时间如10s，在client端一个sock多次sendto相同数据，server读取数据仍然和client发送包数量一致并且接收数据一致，可知udp每读取一次都是一包数据，无需做分包处理。
UDP是面向消息的协议，每个UDP段都是一条消息，应用程序必须以消息为单位提取数据，不能一次提取任意字节的数据。
UDP每读取一次都是一包数据（UDP已做分包处理）。
TCP需要做分包处理，具体事例可参考文档“TCP&UDP”。
注意：TCP只能与接入它的客户端通信，客户端必须与服务器绑定后才能相互通信。
UDP服务器（准确的说，是UDP端）可以与任意客户端通信，且两者之间可以不建立联系就可直接发送信息。
例程二（TCP）：
// unix_server.c
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <sys/un.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> #include <signal.h> #define SOCK_NAME "/tmp/echo.server" #define LISTEN_BACKLOG 50 #define BUF_SIZE 1024 #define handle_error(msg) do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while(0) int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int sfd = 0, cfd = 0; int i = 0, ret = 0; struct sockaddr_un my_addr, peer_addr; socklen_t peer_addr_size; char buf[BUF_SIZE] = {0}; sfd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0); if(sfd < 0){ // printf("%s socket error. ", SOCK_NAME); handle_error("socket"); } unlink(SOCK_NAME); memset(&my_addr, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un)); my_addr.sun_family = AF_UNIX; strncpy(my_addr.sun_path, SOCK_NAME, sizeof(my_addr.sun_path)-1); if(bind(sfd, (struct sockaddr *)&my_addr, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un)) == -1){ handle_error("bind"); } if(listen(sfd, LISTEN_BACKLOG) == -1){ handle_error("listen"); } signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_IGN); while(1){ peer_addr_size = sizeof(struct sockaddr_un); cfd = accept(sfd, (struct sockaddr *)&peer_addr, &peer_addr_size); if(cfd < 0){ handle_error("accept"); }else { ret = fork(); if(ret < 0){ handle_error("fork"); } else if(ret == 0){ while(1){ ret = read(cfd, buf, sizeof(buf)); buf[ret] = 0; printf("%s (len %d) recv %d bytes: %s ", peer_addr.sun_path, peer_addr_size, ret, buf); for(i = 0; i < ret; i++){ if(buf[i] >= 'a' && buf[i] <='z') buf[i] += 'A'-'a'; } write(cfd, buf, ret); } } } } return 0; }
// unix_client.c #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <string.h> #include <time.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <sys/un.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> #include <stddef.h> #define SER_NAME "/tmp/echo.server" #define SOCK_NAME_PRE "/tmp/ECHO" #define BUF_SIZE 1024 #define handle_error(msg) do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while(0) int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int cfd = 0; int ret = 0; struct sockaddr_un client_addr, server_addr; char buf[BUF_SIZE]={0}; int len = 0; cfd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0); if(cfd < 0){ handle_error("socket"); } memset(&client_addr, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un)); client_addr.sun_family = AF_UNIX; snprintf(client_addr.sun_path, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un), "%s.%d.%ld", SOCK_NAME_PRE, getpid(), time(NULL)); len = offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(client_addr.sun_path) + 1; printf("client addr:%s, len:%d ", client_addr.sun_path, len); ret = bind(cfd, (struct sockaddr *)&client_addr, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un)); if(ret < 0){ handle_error("bind"); } memset(&server_addr, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un)); server_addr.sun_family = AF_UNIX; strncpy(server_addr.sun_path, SER_NAME, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un)); len = offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(server_addr.sun_path) + 1; // ret = connect(cfd, (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un)); ret = connect(cfd, (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, len); if(ret < 0){ handle_error("connect"); } while(1){ printf("please input the bytes: "); scanf("%s", buf); ret = strlen(buf); buf[ret] = 0; write(cfd, buf, ret+1); ret = read(cfd, buf, sizeof(buf)); if(ret >=1024) ret = 1023; buf[ret]=0; printf("conversion %d bytes:[%s] ", ret, buf); } return 0; }
该例程实现echo回显且小写变大写功能。
本地套接字通过curl用HTTP协议访问：
curl --unix-socket /var/run/docker.sock -X GET http:/v1.39/containers/json curl --unix-socket /var/run/docker.sock -X GET http:/containers/json