线性判别式分析(Linear Discriminant Analysis, LDA)，也叫做Fisher线性判别(Fisher Linear Discriminant ,FLD)，是模式识别的经典算法，它是在1996年由Belhumeur引入模式识别和人工智能领域的。线性判别式分析的基本思想是将高维的模式样本投影到最佳鉴别矢量空间，以达到抽取分类信息和压缩特征空间维数的效果，投影后保证模式样本在新的子空间有最大的类间距离和最小的类内距离，即模式在该空间中有最佳的可分离性。因此，它是一种有效的特征抽取方法。使用这种方法能够使投影后模式样本的类间散布矩阵最大，并且同时类内散布矩阵最小。就是说，它能够保证投影后模式样本在新的空间中有最小的类内距离和最大的类间距离，即模式在该空间中有最佳的可分离性。
Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and the related Fisher's linear discriminant are methods used in statistics, pattern recognition and machine learning to find a linear combination of features which characterizes or separates two or more classes of objects or events. The resulting combination may be used as a linear classifier, or, more commonly, for dimensionality reduction before later classification.
LDA is closely related to ANOVA (analysis of variance) and regression analysis, which also attempt to express one dependent variable as a linear combination of other features or measurements. In the other two methods however, the dependent variable is a numerical quantity, while for LDA it is a categorical variable (i.e. the class label). Logistic regression and probit regression are more similar to LDA, as they also explain a categorical variable. These other methods are preferable in applications where it is not reasonable to assume that the independent variables are normally distributed, which is a fundamental assumption of the LDA method.
LDA is also closely related to principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis in that they both look for linear combinations of variables which best explain the data. LDA explicitly attempts to model the difference between the classes of data. PCA on the other hand does not take into account any difference in class, and factor analysis builds the feature combinations based on differences rather than similarities. Discriminant analysis is also different from factor analysis in that it is not an interdependence technique: a distinction between independent variables and dependent variables (also called criterion variables) must be made.
LDA works when the measurements made on independent variables for each observation are continuous quantities. When dealing with categorical independent variables, the equivalent technique is discriminant correspondence analysis.
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