lecture 3

1. quiz: Consider a circuit-switched network with N=100 users where each user is independently active with probability p=0.2 and when active, sends data at a rate of R=1Mbps. How much capacity must the network be provisioned withto guarantee service to all users?

answer: 100Mbps

20%是本题的干扰项,因为要保证所有用户的使用

2. quiz: Consider a packet-switched network with N=100 users where each user is independently active with probability p=0.2 and when active, sends data at a rate of R=1Mbps. What is the expected aggregate traffic sentby the users?

answer: 20Mbps

这里20%不是干扰项

3. quiz: Consider a network connecting hosts A and B through two routers R1 and R2 like this: A-------R1----------R2---------B. Does the queuing delay at R1 for a packet from A to B depend on the length of the link R1-R2?

answer: No, it doesn't

R2处的延迟与长度有关,R1与buffer有关,与长度无关

4. protocol layers

applications: supporting network applications

transport: process data transfer

network: routing of datagrams from source to destination

link: data transfer between neighboring network elements

physics: bits 'on the wire'

每层layer都取决于下面的layer,服务更上面的layer,layer与layer之间独立,传送时逐层下达,再逐层向上

layer的不同版本接口有所不同,决定了下面的level用什么protocol

只有一个IP layer

5. layering的优势: 更有保证

缺点有上面的level可能重复下面的level所包含的功能,信息的隐藏可能影响性能,headers过大,突然情况时会违反层的顺序(gains too great; network doesn't trust ends)

all layers must exist at host

6. quiz: What are two benefits of using a layered network model ? (Choose two)

answer: It makes iteasy to introduce new protocols; It prevents technology in one layer from affecting other layers

7. application layer

processes之间的交流通过Interprocess communication(IPC), 在同一个机器上拥有共享memory,机器之间需要sockets

socket帮助process发送及接受信息

8. 为了接收信息,process一定要有identifier,主机设备有唯一的32位IP地址

运行该进程的主机的IP地址是否足以识别该进程?答案是否定的,很多进程都可以在同一个主机上运行

identifier包含IP address以及port numbers/socket number

9. server: long-lived process; clients: short-lived process

10. P2P architecture(peer to peer), client之间交流不经过server

no always-on server; 任意终端系统直接通信;责任对称

优势为peers之间既寻求服务又提供服务;速度快;可靠;地理分布(? geographic distribution)

缺点为分散控制的基本问题(状态不稳定,没有共享的memory和clock;动作不稳定,如相互矛盾的决定);分布式算法很复杂

11. Internet transport protocols services

TCP service:发送与接受更稳定,flow control,congestion control网络过载时,定向连接(客户和服务器进程之间需要设置),主流选择

UDP service:不稳定但是速度更快(因为什么检查都不做)

12. quiz: TCP provides reliability while UDP dese not

HTTP(Hypertext Transport Protocol) use TCP, 这里client是提出请求的网页,server是web server, 同时HTTP是stateless的,即过去的请求不进行存储

13. HTTP messages有两种,分别为request与response

HTTP可以使protocol简单,但不是最有效的

14. 很多网站用到cookies,四个组成部分:

cookie header在HTTP的response message

cookie header在HTTP下一个request message

cookie文件保存在用户的主机上,由用户的浏览器管理

网站的后端数据库

#cookies不是HTTP,缺点是广告商也可以看到你的浏览记录

15. Page Load Time(PTL)是用户看到网页所花费时间,评估网页的重要指标

减少PTL的方法有:

减少要传输内容的大小

更改HTTP以更好的利用带宽

更改HTTP以避免相同内容的重复传送

缩短传输路径

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/eleni/p/12368922.html