ipaddress模块

参考文档
https://docs.python.org/3/library/ipaddress.html

ipaddress模块包括用于处理IPv4和IPv6网络地址的类。可以用来生成、验证、查找IP地址。
可以通过传递字符串、整数或字节给ip_address()来构造地址。返回值是IPv4Address或IPv6Address实例，具体取决于所使用的地址类型。

一、安装ipaddress模块

pip install ipaddress

二、定义ip地址ipaddress.ip_address

可以通过传递一个字符串类型的ip来构建ip地址　　

print(ipaddress.ip_address('192.0.2.1'))
IPv4Address('192.0.2.1')

print(ipaddress.ip_address('2001:DB8::1'))
IPv6Address('2001:db8::1')

也可以通过传递一个整数来构建ip地址

print(ipaddress.ip_address(3221225985))
IPv4Address('192.0.2.1')

print(ipaddress.ip_address(42540766411282592856903984951653826561))
IPv6Address('2001:db8::1')

可以使用ip_address方法，会自动生成ipv4或ipv6类型的地址，也可以使用IPv4Address或IPv6Address来强制生成指定类型的地址。

print(ipaddress.ip_address(1))
IPv4Address('0.0.0.1')

print(ipaddress.IPv4Address(1))
IPv4Address('0.0.0.1')

print(ipaddress.IPv6Address(1))
IPv6Address('::1')

三、定义网络地址ipaddress.ip_network

print(ipaddress.ip_network('192.0.2.0/24'))
IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')

print(ipaddress.ip_network('2001:db8::0/96'))
IPv6Network('2001:db8::/96')

默认网络地址中是不能写成主机地址的形式的，例如192.168.1.1/24不能被定义为一个网络地址，而应该定义成一个接口地址。
默认情况下，如果定义了一个接口地址作为网络地址的话，会报错

>>> ipaddress.ip_network('192.0.2.1/24')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: 192.0.2.1/24 has host bits set

但是如果设置参数strict=False则不会报错

>>> ipaddress.ip_network('192.0.2.1/24', strict=False)
IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')

>>> ipaddress.ip_network(3221225984)
IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/32')
>>> ipaddress.ip_network(42540766411282592856903984951653826560)
IPv6Network('2001:db8::/128')

四、定义接口地址ipaddress.ip_interface

接口地址就是网络地址中的一个主机地址，可以定义成如下形式

print(ipaddress.ip_interface('192.0.2.1/24'))
IPv4Interface('192.0.2.1/24')

五、ip地址类型的检测和获取

1、获取ip对象的类型

addr4 = ipaddress.ip_address('192.0.2.1')
addr6 = ipaddress.ip_address('2001:db8::1')
print(addr4.version)
4
print(addr6.version)
6

2、获取ip接口对象所属的网络地址

host4 = ipaddress.ip_interface('192.0.2.1/24')
print(host4.network)
IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')

3、获取网络地址包含的主机ip数量

net4 = ipaddress.ip_network('192.0.2.0/24')
print(net4.num_addresses)
256

4、获取网络地址中包含的所有主机地址

print(list(ip_network('192.0.2.0/29').hosts()))
[IPv4Address('192.0.2.1'), IPv4Address('192.0.2.2'),
IPv4Address('192.0.2.3'), IPv4Address('192.0.2.4'),
IPv4Address('192.0.2.5'), IPv4Address('192.0.2.6')]

5、获取网络地址的子网掩码和反掩码

print(ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.0/24').netmask)
255.255.255.0

print(ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.0/24').hostmask)
0.0.0.255

print(ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.0/24').with_netmask)
1.1.1.0/255.255.255.0

print(ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.0/24').with_hostmask)
1.1.1.0/0.0.0.255

6、通过下标获取网络地址对象中的ip地址

net4 = ipaddress.ip_network('192.0.2.0/24')

print(net4[1])
IPv4Address('192.0.2.1')

print(net4[-1])
IPv4Address('192.0.2.255')

7、判断ip地址是否包含在网络地址中

addr4 = ipaddress.ip_address('192.0.2.1')
print(addr4 in ipaddress.ip_network('192.0.2.0/24'))
True

8、将ip地址对象转换成字符串或整数格式

ip_str=str(ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.168.0.1'))
print(ip_str)
'192.168.0.1'

ip_int=int(ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.168.0.1'))
print(ip_int)
3232235521

六、ip地址的算术运算

print(IPv4Address('127.0.0.2') > IPv4Address('127.0.0.1'))
True
print(IPv4Address('127.0.0.2') == IPv4Address('127.0.0.1'))
False

print(IPv4Address('127.0.0.2') + 3)
IPv4Address('127.0.0.5')

print(IPv4Address('127.0.0.2') - 3)
IPv4Address('126.255.255.255')

print(IPv4Address('255.255.255.255') + 1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ipaddress.AddressValueError: 4294967296 (>= 2**32) is not permitted as an IPv4 address

七、ip地址范围子网汇总ipaddress.summarize_address_range(first, last)

ip_summ = [ipaddr for ipaddr in ipaddress.summarize_address_range(ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.0.2.0'),ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.0.2.130'))]

print(ip_summ)
[IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/31'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.130/32')]

或：
ip_start = ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.0.2.0')
ip_end = ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.0.2.130')
ip_summary_list = ipaddress.summarize_address_range(ip_start, ip_end)
print(ip_summary_list)
# <generator object summarize_address_range at 0x000001FDA29E9A98>

print(list(ip_summary_list))
# [IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/31'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.130/32')]

for ip_summary in ip_summary_list:
    print(ip_summary)
# 192.0.2.0/25
# 192.0.2.128/31
# 192.0.2.130/32

八、ip地址网段合并

ipaddress.collapse_addresses(addresses)

>>> [ipaddr for ipaddr in ipaddress.collapse_addresses([ipaddress.IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25'), ipaddress.IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/25')])]
[IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')]

例子：

import ipaddress

ip_range = '1.1.1.1-1.1.1.10'
ip_first, ip_last = ip_range.split('-')
ip_first = ipaddress.ip_address(ip_first)
ip_last = ipaddress.ip_address(ip_last)
# 将ip地址范围按掩码进行子网汇总
ip_range_list = [str(ip) for ip in ipaddress.summarize_address_range(ip_first, ip_last)]
print(ip_range_list)

['1.1.1.1/32', '1.1.1.2/31', '1.1.1.4/30', '1.1.1.8/31', '1.1.1.10/32']

九、自动检测ip对象的合法性

例如ip地址中每一个8位二进制数的范围是0-255

print(ipaddress.ip_address("192.168.0.256"))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: '192.168.0.256' does not appear to be an IPv4 or IPv6 address


可以通过try判断ip地址的合法性，再执行其他操作
try:
network = ipaddress.IPv4Network(address)
except ValueError:
print('address/netmask is invalid for IPv4:', address)

十、其他ipaddress的方法

is_multicast 判断是否是组播地址
is_private 判断是否是私网地址
is_global 判断是否是公网地址
is_unspecified
is_reserved 是否是保留地址
is_loopback 判断是否是环回地址
is_link_local