初探ECMAScript6

基础变化

  1. String类型新增了三个方法,不必使用indexOf来判断一个字符串是否在另一个字符串内
    //String changes
    var a = "Hello world";
        var b = "Hello";
        var c = "world";
        function includes(source, dest) {
          return source.indexOf(dest) > -1;
        }
        function startsWith(source, dest) {
          return source.slice(0, dest.length) === dest;
        }
        function endsWith(source, dest) {
          return source.slice(source.length - dest.length, source.length) === dest;
        }
    
    var msg = "Hello world!";
    
        console.log("msg startsWith Hello: ", msg.startsWith("Hello"));       // true
        console.log("msg endsWith !: ", msg.endsWith("!"));             // true
        console.log("msg includes o:  ", msg.includes("o"));             // true
        
        console.log("msg startsWith o: ", msg.startsWith("o"));           // false
        console.log("msg endsWith world!: ", msg.endsWith("world!"));        // true
        console.log("msg includes x:  ", msg.includes("x"));             // false
  2. Object.is方法用来判断两个参数是否相等,与全等(===)类似只是在+0和-0上以及NaN与NaN的判断上与全等不同
    console.log(+0 == -0);              // true
    console.log(+0 === -0);             // true
    console.log(Object.is(+0, -0));     // false
    
    console.log(NaN == NaN);            // false
    console.log(NaN === NaN);           // false
    console.log(Object.is(NaN, NaN));   // true
    
    console.log(5 == 5);                // true
    console.log(5 == "5");              // true
    console.log(5 === 5);               // true
    console.log(5 === "5");             // false
    console.log(Object.is(5, 5));       // true
    console.log(Object.is(5, "5"));     // false
  3. let声明,let与var的作用相同,只是以let声明的变量的作用域在当前的{}块内
    function getValue(condition) {
    
        if (condition) {
            let value = "blue";
    
            // other code
    
            return value;
        } else {
    
            // value doesn't exist here
    
            return null;
        }
    
        // value doesn't exist here
    }
  4. const关键字用来声明常量,常量一旦赋值就无法改变,其他的赋值表达式都会被忽略
  5. 解构赋值,引入解构赋值可以方便的从复杂的对象中取得所需的属性值
    var options = {
            repeat: true,
            save: false,
            rules: {
                custom: 10,
            }
        };
    
    // later
    
    var { repeat, save, rules: { custom }} = options;
    
    console.log(repeat);        // true
    console.log(save);          // false
    console.log(custom);        // 10

  1. 类声明语法,目前许多前端框架比如dojo、extJs使用辅助设计使得Javascript看起来支持“类”,基于以上目的ES6引入类体系;目前在Chrome使用class关键字必须使用严格模式
    //class declaration
    function PersonType(name) {
            this.name = name;
        }
        
        PersonType.prototype.sayName = function() {
            console.log(this.name);
        };
        
        let person = new PersonType("Nicholas");
        person.sayName();   // outputs "Nicholas"
        
        console.log(person instanceof PersonType);      // true
        console.log(person instanceof Object);      // true
    
    (function(){
    'use strict';
    class PersonClass {
            constructor(name) {
                this.name = name;
            }
            sayName() {
                console.log(this.name);
            }
        }
        
        let person = new PersonClass("Nicholas");
        person.sayName();   // outputs "Nicholas"
        
        console.log(person instanceof PersonClass);     
        console.log(person instanceof Object);  
    })()
  2. 属性访问器,通过使用get和set关键字来声明属性(Attribute),在ES5中需要借助Object.defineProperty来声明属性访问器
    //Accessor Properties
    (function(){
          'use strict';
          class PersonClass {
            constructor(name) {
                this.name = name;
            }
            get Name(){
              return this.name;
            }
            set Name(value){
              this.name = value;
            }
          }
        
          let person = new PersonClass("Nicholas");
          console.log('person.Name: ', person.Name)   // outputs "Nicholas"
        })()
  3. 静态成员,ES5或者之前的代码通过在构造函数中直接定义属性来模拟静态成员;ES6则只需要在方法名前面加上static关键字
    //ES5
    function PersonType(name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
    
    // static method
    PersonType.create = function(name) {
        return new PersonType(name);
    };
    
    // instance method
    PersonType.prototype.sayName = function() {
        console.log(this.name);
    };
    
    var person = PersonType.create("Nicholas");
    
    //ES6
    //Static Members
    (function(){
          'use strict';
          class PersonClass {
            constructor(name) {
              this.name = name;
            }
              
            sayName() {
              console.log(this.name);
            }
            
            static create(name) {
              return new PersonClass(name);
            }
          }
          
          let person = PersonClass.create("Nicholas");
          console.log(person);
        })()
  4. 继承,ES5中需要借助prototype属性而ES6中引入extends关键字来实现继承
    //Handling Inheritance
    (function(){
          'use strict';
          class PersonClass {
            constructor(name) {
              this.name = name;
            }
          }
          
          class Developer extends PersonClass {
            constructor(name, lang) {
              super(name);
              this.language = lang;
            }
          }
          
          var developer = new Developer('coder', 'Javascript');
          console.log("developer.name: ", developer.name);
          console.log("developer.language: ", developer.language);
        })()

模块机制

  当前关于JS的模块化已有两个重要的规范CommonJs和AMD,但毕竟不是原生的模块化,所以ES6中引入模块化机制,使用export和import来声明暴露的变量和引入需要使用的变量

  

Iterator和Generator

  Iterator拥有一个next方法,该方法返回一个对象,该对象拥有value属性代表此次next函数的值、done属性表示是否拥有继续拥有可返回的值;done为true时代表没有多余的值可以返回此时value为undefined;Generator函数使用特殊的声明方式,generator函数返回一个iterator对象,在generator函数内部的yield关键字声明了next方法的值

//Iterator & Generator
// generator
    function *createIterator() {
        yield 1;
        yield 2;
        yield 3;
    }
    
    // generators are called like regular functions but return an iterator
    var iterator = createIterator();
    console.log(iterator.next());
    console.log(iterator.next());
    console.log(iterator.next());
    console.log(iterator.next());

Promise

  ES6引入原生的Promise对象,Promise构造函数接受一个方法作为参数,该方法中可以调用resolve和reject方法,分别进入fulfill状态和fail状态

// Promise
var getJSON = function(url) {
  var promise = new Promise(function(resolve, reject){
    var client = new XMLHttpRequest();
    client.open("GET", url);
    client.onreadystatechange = handler;
    client.send();

    function handler() {
      if (this.readyState !== 4) {
        return;
      }      
      if (this.status === 200) {
      debugger;
        resolve(this.responseText);
      } else {
        reject(new Error(this.statusText));
      }
    };
  });

  return promise;
};

getJSON("https://gis.lmi.is/arcgis/rest/services/GP_service/geocode_thjonusta_single/GeocodeServer?f=json").then(function(json) {
  console.log('Contents: ' + json);
}, function(error) {
  console.error('Error: ', error);
});

Proxy

  顾名思义用来作为一个对象或函数的代理。Proxy构造函数接受两个参数:target用来被封装的对象或函数、handler拥有一系列方法,重写这些方法以便当调用这些操作时会进入重写的方法中

•handler.getPrototypeOf
•handler.setPrototypeOf
•handler.isExtensible
•handler.preventExtensions
•handler.getOwnPropertyDescriptor
•handler.defineProperty
•handler.has
•handler.get
•handler.set
•handler.deleteProperty
•handler.enumerate
•handler.ownKeys
•handler.apply
•handler.construct
handler.getPrototypeOf
handler.setPrototypeOf
handler.isExtensible
handler.preventExtensions
handler.getOwnPropertyDescriptor
handler.defineProperty
handler.has
handler.get
handler.set
handler.deleteProperty
handler.enumerate
handler.ownKeys
handler.apply
handler.construct

参考资料:

Understanding ECMAScript 6

ECMAScript 6 入门

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/dojo-lzz/p/4526896.html