参数文件 广义上oracle里能够配置的文件都可以叫参数文件,这里专指数据库参数文件,又称初始文件, 记录了数据库的相关参数，如数据库名、内存结构大小、控制文件位置以键值方式记录 两种形式: init<ORACLE_SID>.ora 1、init file 9i以前,可直接打开或编辑的纯文本文件 2、alter system命令修改参数后还要手动修改init file spfile<ORACLE_SID>.ora 1、server parameter file 9i后的默认的二进制服务器参数文件 2、可用RMAN备份到备份集中 3、alter system 命令同步更新spfile 有时需要有些特殊的设置用于完成数据库维护,可由spfile生成一个pfile并在启动实例时指定该文件 无initoral.ora SQL> !ls hc_orcl.dat initdw.ora init.ora initorcl.ora.bk lkORCL orapworcl spfileorcl.ora test_spfile SQL> create pfile from spfile; File created. 产生了initoral.ora文件 SQL> !ls hc_orcl.dat init.ora initorcl.ora.bk orapworcl test_spfile initdw.ora initorcl.ora lkORCL spfileorcl.ora SQL> shutdown immediate; Database closed. Database dismounted. ORACLE instance shut down. 用上面产生的init参数文件启动实例 SQL> startup pfile=/ora/ora10g/product/10.2.0/db_1/dbs/initorcl.ora ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 285212672 bytes Fixed Size 1218992 bytes Variable Size 100664912 bytes Database Buffers 180355072 bytes Redo Buffers 2973696 bytes Database mounted. Database opened. 此时再查看spfile参数已经是空,因为本次我们是用的init文件启动 SQL> show parameter spfile; NAME TYPE VALUE ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------ spfile string 但在下次用startup直接启动实例后,spfile参数就还会是原来spfile文件 SQL> shutdown immediate; Database closed. Database dismounted. ORACLE instance shut down. SQL> startup ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 285212672 bytes Fixed Size 1218992 bytes Variable Size 100664912 bytes Database Buffers 180355072 bytes Redo Buffers 2973696 bytes Database mounted. Database opened. SQL> show parameter spfile; NAME TYPE VALUE ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------ spfile string /ora/ora10g/product/10.2.0/db_ 1/dbs/spfileorcl.ora 参数文件默认位置: /$ORACLE_HOME/product/10.2.0/db_1/dbs/spfile<ORACLE_SID>.ora 改变参数文件位置后,启动实例时加上pfile=文件完整路径(强烈建议不修改默认路径) 启动实例时startup 时查询参数文件顺序如下: spfile<ORACLE_SID>.ora -> init<ORACLE_SID>.ora 都找不着则报错 模拟参数文件丢失情况 1、将默认位置的参数文件重命名 [oracle@localhost dbs]$ mv spfileorcl.ora spfileorcl.ora.bk [oracle@localhost dbs]$ mv initorcl.ora initorcl.ora.bk 2、SQL> startup ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters LRM-00109: could not open parameter file '/ora/ora10g/product/10.2.0/db_1/dbs/initorcl.ora' 启动实例时报错,无法找到参数文件 3、将spfile文件恢复到默认位置后,实例启动成功 [oracle@localhost dbs]$ mv spfileorcl.ora.bk spfileorcl.ora SQL> startup ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 285212672 bytes Fixed Size 1218992 bytes Variable Size 100664912 bytes Database Buffers 180355072 bytes Redo Buffers 2973696 bytes Database mounted. Database opened. 查看参数文件位置 SQL> show parameter spfile NAME TYPE VALUE ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------ spfile string /ora/ora10g/product/10.2.0/db_ 1/dbs/spfileorcl.ora