Hive的五个基础介绍

  一、什么是Hive?

  1、Hive是一个翻译器,SQL ---> Hive引擎 ---> MR程序

  2、Hive是构建在HDFS上的一个数据仓库(Data Warehouse)

  Hive HDFS

  表 目录

  分区 目录

  数据 文件

  桶 文件

  3、Hive支持SQL(SQL99标准的一个自子集)

  二、Hive的体系结构(画图)

  三、安装和配置

  解压安装到/training/目录下

  tar -zxvf apache-hive-2.3.0-bin.tar.gz -C ~/training/

  设置环境变量

  HIVE_HOME=/root/training/apache-hive-2.3.0-bin

  export HIVE_HOME

  PATH=$HIVE_HOME/bin:$PATH

  export PATH

  核心配置文件: conf/hive-site.xml

  1、嵌入模式

  (*)不需要MySQL的支持,使用Hive的自带的数据库Derby

  (*)局限:只支持一个连接

  javax.jdo.option.ConnectionURL

  jdbc:derby:;databaseName=metastore_db;create=true

  javax.jdo.option.ConnectionDriverName

  org.apache.derby.jdbc.EmbeddedDriver

  hive.metastore.local

  true

  hive.metastore.warehouse.dir

  file:///root/training/apache-hive-2.3.0-bin/warehouse

  初始化Derby数据库

  schematool -dbType derby -initSchema

  日志

  Hive-on-MR is deprecated in Hive 2 and may not be available in the future versions. Consider using a different execution engine (i.e. spark, tez) or using Hive 1.X releases.

  2、本地模式、远程模式:需要MySQL

  (*)MySQL的客户端: mysql front http://www.mysqlfront.de/

  Hive的安装

  (1)在虚拟机上安装MySQL:

  rpm -ivh mysql-community-devel-5.7.19-1.el7.x86_64.rpm (可选)

  rpm -ivh mysql-community-server-5.7.19-1.el7.x86_64.rpm

  rpm -ivh mysql-community-client-5.7.19-1.el7.x86_64.rpm

  rpm -ivh mysql-community-libs-5.7.19-1.el7.x86_64.rpm

  rpm -ivh mysql-community-common-5.7.19-1.el7.x86_64.rpm

  yum remove mysql-libs

  (2) 启动MySQL:service mysqld start,或者:systemctl start mysqld.service

  查看root用户的密码:cat /var/log/mysqld.log | grep password

  登录后修改密码:alter user 'root'@'localhost' identified by 'Sjm_123456';

  MySQL数据库的配置:

  创建一个新的数据库:create database hive;

  创建一个新的用户:

  create user 'hiveowner'@'%' identified by 'Sjm_123456';

  给该用户授权

  grant all on hive.* TO 'hiveowner'@'%';

  grant all on hive.* TO 'hiveowner'@'localhost' identified by 'Sjm_123456';

  远程模式

  元数据信息存储在远程的MySQL数据库中

  注意一定要使用高版本的MySQL驱动(5.1.43以上的版本)

  参数文件

  配置参数

  参考值

  hive-site.xml

  javax.jdo.option.ConnectionURL

  jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/hive?useSSL=false

  javax.jdo.option.ConnectionDriverName

  com.mysql.jdbc.Driver

  javax.jdo.option.ConnectionUserName

  hiveowner

  javax.jdo.option.ConnectionPassword

  Welcome_1

  初始化MetaStore:schematool -dbType mysql -initSchema

  (*)重新创建hive-site.xml

  javax.jdo.option.ConnectionURL

  jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/hive?useSSL=false

  javax.jdo.option.ConnectionDriverName

  com.mysql.jdbc.Driver

  javax.jdo.option.ConnectionUserName

  hiveowner

  javax.jdo.option.ConnectionPassword

  Sjm_123456

  (*)将mysql的jar包放到lib目录下(上传mysql驱动包)

  u注意一定要使用高版本的MySQL驱动(5.1.43以上的版本)

  目录在: /training/apache-hive-2.3.0-bin/lib

  (*)初始化MySQL

  (*)老版本:当第一次启动HIve的时候 自动进行初始化

  (*)新版本:

  schematool -dbType mysql -initSchema

  Starting metastore schema initialization to 2.3.0

  Initialization script hive-schema-2.3.0.mysql.sql

  Initialization script completed

  schemaTool completed

  四、Hive的数据模型(最重要的内容)

  注意:默认:列的分隔符是tab键(制表符)

  测试数据:员工表和部门表

  7654,MARTIN,SALESMAN,7698,1981/9/28,1250,1400,30

  首先看下hive在HDFS的目录结构

  create database hive;

  1、内部表:相当于MySQL的表 对应的HDFS的目录 /user/hive/warehouse

  create table emp

  (empno int,

  ename string,

  job string,

  mgr int,

  hiredate string,

  sal int,

  comm int,

  deptno int);

  插入数据 insert、load语句

  load data inpath '/scott/emp.csv' into table emp; 导入HDFS的数据 (从某个HDFS的目录,把数据导入Hive的表 本质ctrl+x)

  load data local inpath '/root/temp/*****' into table emp; 导入本地Linux的数据 (把数据导入Hive的表 本质ctrl+c)

  创建表的时候,一定指定分隔符

  create table emp1

  (empno int,

  ename string,

  job string,

  mgr int,

  hiredate string,

  sal int,

  comm int,

  deptno int)

  row format delimited fields terminated by ',';

  创建部门表 并且导入数据

  create table dept

  (deptno int,

  dname string,

  loc string)

  row format delimited fields terminated by ',';

  2、分区表: 可以提高查询的效率的----> 通过查看SQL的执行计划

  根据员工的部门号创建分区

  create table emp_part

  (empno int,

  ename string,

  job string,

  mgr int,

  hiredate string,

  sal int,

  comm int)

  partitioned by (deptno int)

  row format delimited fields terminated by ',';

  指明导入的数据的分区(通过子查询导入数据) ----> MapReduce程序

  insert into table emp_part partition(deptno=10) select empno,ename,job,mgr,hiredate,sal,comm from emp1 where deptno=10;

  insert into table emp_part partition(deptno=20) select empno,ename,job,mgr,hiredate,sal,comm from emp1 where deptno=20;

  insert into table emp_part partition(deptno=30) select empno,ename,job,mgr,hiredate,sal,comm from emp1 where deptno=30;

  hive的静默模式:hive -S 好处是控制台不会打印一些日志信息,屏幕干净清爽

  如何查看SQL的执行计划呢?需要使用到关键字explain

  1)、查看hive普通的表(内部表)的SQL执行计划:

  explain select * from emp_1 where deptno=10;

  STAGE DEPENDENCIES:

  Stage-0 is a root stage

  STAGE PLANS:

  Stage: Stage-0

  Fetch Operator

  limit: -1

  Processor Tree:

  TableScan

  alias: emp_1

  Statistics: Num rows: 1 Data size: 619 Basic stats: COMPLETE Column stats: NONE

  Filter Operator

  predicate: (deptno = 10) (type: boolean)

  Statistics: Num rows: 1 Data size: 619 Basic stats: COMPLETE Column stats: NONE

  Select Operator

  expressions: empno (type: int), ename (type: string), job (type: string), mgr (type: int), hiredate (type: string), sal (type: int), comm (type: int), 10 (type: int)

  outputColumnNames: _col0, _col1, _col2, _col3, _col4, _col5, _col6, _col7

  Statistics: Num rows: 1 Data size: 619 Basic stats: COMPLETE Column stats: NONE

  ListSink

  2)、查看hive中的分区表的SQL执行计划

  explain select * from emp_part where deptno=10;

  STAGE DEPENDENCIES:

  Stage-0 is a root stage

  STAGE PLANS:

  Stage: Stage-0

  Fetch Operator

  limit: -1

  Processor Tree:

  TableScan

  alias: emp_part

  Statistics: Num rows: 3 Data size: 121 Basic stats: COMPLETE Column stats: NONE

  Select Operator

  expressions: empno (type: int), ename (type: string), job (type: string), mgr (type: int), hiredate (type: string), sal (type: int), comm (type: int), 10 (type: int)

  outputColumnNames: _col0, _col1, _col2, _col3, _col4, _col5, _col6, _col7

  Statistics: Num rows: 3 Data size: 121 Basic stats: COMPLETE Column stats: NONE

  ListSink

  如何理解或者阅读执行计划呢?

  记住一个原则:从下往上,从右往左

  3、外部表:本质是给HDFS上目录或者文件新建一个“快捷方式"

  create external table t1

  (sid int,sname string,age)

  row format delimited fields terminated by ','

  location '/students';

  注意:外部表,删除表时,数据不删。

  4、桶表:本质上是采用hash算法对数据进行存放,以文件的形式存在。与分区的区别在于分区是一个个目录

  (*)hash分区

  (*)桶表

  create table emp_bucket

  (empno int,

  ename string,

  job string,

  mgr int,

  hiredate string,

  sal int,

  comm int,

  deptno int)

  clustered by (job) into 4 buckets

  row format delimited fields terminated by ',';

  注意:在插入数据到hive桶表之前必须先要设置环境变量,否则就算你插入数据了,但是hive也不会对数据进行分桶存储

  登录hive,执行:hive -S

  再执行如下命令:

  set hive.enforce.bucketing = true;

  如图所示:

  通过子查询的方式插入数据:

  insert into emp_bucket select * from emp_1;

  这句语句会被转换成MR程序执行:

  当执行完毕后,我们来看在HDFS中的hive的桶表的目录结构:

  数据被分别存储在四个不同的桶上,你可以随便查看某个文件的内容:

  hdfs dfs -cat /user/hive/warehouse/hive02.db/emp_bucket/000000_0

  5、视图:view 虚表

  (1) 视图不存数据 视图依赖的表叫基表

  (2) 操作视图 跟操作表 一样

  (3) 视图可以提高查询的效率吗?

  不可以、视图是简化复杂的查询

  (4) 举例 查询员工信息:部门名称 员工姓名

  create view myview

  as无锡人流医院 http://xmobile.wxbhnk120.com/

  select dept.dname,emp1.ename

  from emp1,dept

  where emp1.deptno=dept.deptno;

  一些操作:

  hive中表

  -------------------

  1.managed table

  托管表。

  删除表时,数据也删除了。

  2.external table

  外部表。

  删除表时,数据不删。

  hive命令

  ---------------

  //创建表,external 外部表

  CREATE external TABLE IF NOT EXISTS t2(id int,name string,age int)

  COMMENT 'xx' ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' STORED AS TEXTFILE ;

  //查看表数据

  desc t2 ;

  desc formatted t2 ;

  //加载数据到hive表

  load data local inpath '/home/centos/customers.txt' into table t2 ; //local上传文件

  load data inpath '/user/centos/customers.txt' [overwrite] into table t2 ; //移动文件

  //复制表

  mysql>create table tt as select * from users ; //携带数据和表结构

  mysql>create table tt like users ; //不带数据,只有表结构

  hive>create table tt as select * from users ;

  hive>create table tt like users ;

  //count()查询要转成mr

  $hive>select count(*) from t2 ;

  $hive>select id,name from t2 ;

  $hive>select * from t2 order by id desc ; //MR

  //启用/禁用表

  ALTER TABLE t2 ENABLE NO_DROP; //不允许删除

  ALTER TABLE t2 DISABLE NO_DROP; //允许删除

  //分区表,优化手段之一,从目录的层面控制搜索数据的范围。

  //创建分区表.

  CREATE TABLE t3(id int,name string,age int) PARTITIONED BY (Year INT, Month INT) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ;

  //显式表的分区信息

  SHOW PARTITIONS t3;

  //添加分区,创建目录

  alter table t3 add partition (year=2014, month=12);

  //删除分区

  ALTER TABLE employee_partitioned DROP IF EXISTS PARTITION (year=2014, month=11);

  //分区结构

  hive>/user/hive/warehouse/mydb2.db/t3/year=2014/month=11

  hive>/user/hive/warehouse/mydb2.db/t3/year=2014/month=12

  //加载数据到分区表

  load data local inpath '/home/centos/customers.txt' into table t3 partition(year=2014,month=11);

  //创建桶表

  CREATE TABLE t4(id int,name string,age int) CLUSTERED BY (id) INTO 3 BUCKETS ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ;

  //加载数据不会进行分桶操作

  load data local inpath '/home/centos/customers.txt' into table t4 ;

  //查询t3表数据插入到t4中。

  insert into t4 select id,name,age from t3 ;

  //桶表的数量如何设置?

  //评估数据量,保证每个桶的数据量block的2倍大小。

  //连接查询

  CREATE TABLE customers(id int,name string,age int) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ;

  CREATE TABLE orders(id int,orderno string,price float,cid int) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','

  //加载数据到表

  //内连接查询

  select a.*,b.* from customers a , orders b where a.id = b.cid ;

  //左外

  select a.*,b.* from customers a left outer join orders b on a.id = b.cid ;

  select a.*,b.* from customers a right outer join orders b on a.id = b.cid ;

  select a.*,b.* from customers a full outer join orders b on a.id = b.cid ;

  //explode,炸裂,表生成函数。

  //使用hive实现单词统计

  //1.建表

  CREATE TABLE doc(line string) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ;

  五、Hive的查询

  就是SQL:select ---> MapReduce

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/djw12333/p/11114571.html