String Objects
An NSString object encodes a Unicode-compliant text string, represented as a sequence of UTF–16 code units. All lengths, character indexes, and ranges are expressed in terms of 16-bit platform-endian values, with index values starting at 0.
An NSString object can be initialized from or written to a C buffer, an NSData object, or the contents of an NSURL. It can also be encoded and decoded to and from ASCII, UTF–8, UTF–16, UTF–32, or any other string encoding represented by NSStringEncoding.
Base64要求把每三个8Bit的字节转换为四个6Bit的字节（3*8 = 4*6 = 24），然后把6Bit再添两位高位0，组成四个8Bit的字节，也就是说，转换后的字符串理论上将要比原来的长1/3。
规则
关于这个编码的规则：
①.把3个字符变成4个字符。
②每76个字符加一个换行符。
③.最后的结束符也要处理。