【Linux】【Commands】systemd

1. 系统启动流程:POST --> Boot Sequeue(BIOS) --> Bootloader(MBR) --> Kernel(ramdisk) --> rootfs --> /sbin/init
        init:
            CentOS 5: SysV init
            CentOS 6:Upstart
            CentOS 7:Systemd
             
2. Systemd的新特性:
  系统引导时实现服务并行启动;
  按需激活进程;
  系统状态快照;
  基于依赖关系定义服务控制逻辑;
             
3. 核心概念:unit
  unit由其相关配置文件进行标识、识别和配置;文件中主要包含了系统服务、监听的socket、保存的快照以及其它与init相关的信息; 这些配置文件主要保存在:
    /usr/lib/systemd/system
    /run/systemd/system
    /etc/systemd/system
             
4. unit的常见类型:
  Service unit:文件扩展名为.service,用于定义系统服务;
  Target unit:文件扩展为.target,用于模拟实现“运行级别”;
  Device unit: .device,用于定义内核识别的设备;
  Mount unit: .mount,定义文件系统挂载点;
  Socket unit: .socket,用于标识进程间通信用到的socket文件;
  Snapshot unit: .snapshot, 管理系统快照;
  Swap unit: .swap, 用于标识swap设备;
  Automount unit: .automount,文件系统自动点设备;
  Path unit: .path, 用于定义文件系统中的一文件或目录;
 
5.关键特性:
  基于socket的激活机制:socket与程序分离;
  基于bus的激活机制;
  基于device的激活机制;
  基于Path的激活机制;
  系统快照:保存各unit的当前状态信息于持久存储设备中;
  向后兼容sysv init脚本;
  /etc/init.d/
                 
  不兼容:
    systemctl的命令是固定不变的;
    非由systemd启动的服务,systemctl无法与之通信;
             
6. 管理系统服务:
  CentOS 7: service类型的unit文件;
             
7. syscemctl命令:
                    - Control the systemd system and service manager
                     
                    systemctl  [OPTIONS...]  COMMAND  [NAME...]
                     
                        启动: service  NAME  start  ==>  systemctl  start  NAME.service
                        停止: service  NAME  stop  ==> systemctl  stop  NAME.service
                        重启: service  NAME  restart  ==>  systemctl  restart  NAME.service
                        状态: service  NAME  status  ==>  systemctl  status  NAME.service
                        条件式重启:service  NAME  condrestart  ==>  systemctl  try-restart  NAME.service
                        重载或重启服务: systemctl  reload-or-restart  NAME.servcie
                        重载或条件式重启服务:systemctl  reload-or-try-restart  NAME.service
                         
                        查看某服务当前激活与否的状态: systemctl  is-active  NAME.service
                        查看所有已激活的服务:systemctl  list-units  --type  service
                        查看所有服务(已激活及未激活): chkconfig --lsit  ==>  systemctl  list-units  -t  service  --all
                         
                        设置服务开机自启: chkconfig  NAME  on  ==>  systemctl  enable  NAME.service
                        禁止服务开机自启: chkconfig  NAME  off  ==>  systemctl  disable  NAME.service
                        查看某服务是否能开机自启: chkconfig  --list  NAME  ==>  systemctl  is-enabled  NAME.service
                         
                        禁止某服务设定为开机自启: systemctl  mask  NAME.service
                        取消此禁止: systemctl  unmask  NAME.servcie
                         
                        查看服务的依赖关系:systemctl  list-dependencies  NAME.service
                         
8. 管理target units:
             
            运行级别:
                0  ==>  runlevel0.target,  poweroff.target
                1  ==>  runlevel1.target,  rescue.target
                2  ==>  runlevel2.tartet,  multi-user.target
                3  ==>  runlevel3.tartet,  multi-user.target
                4  ==>  runlevel4.tartet,  multi-user.target
                5  ==>  runlevel5.target,  graphical.target
                6  ==>  runlevel6.target,  reboot.target
                 
            级别切换: init  N  ==>  systemctl  isolate  NAME.target
             
            查看级别: runlevel  ==>  systemctl  list-units  --type  target
            查看所有级别: systemctl  list-units  -t  target  -a
             
            获取默认运行级别:systemctl  get-default 
            修改默认运行级别: systemctl  set-default   NAME.target
             
            切换至紧急救援模式: systemctl  rescue
            切换至emergency模式: systemctl  emergency
             
9. 其它常用命令:
            关机: systemctl  halt,  systemctl  poweroff
            重启: systemctl  reboot
            挂起: systemctl  suspend
            快照: systemctl  hibernate
            快照并挂起: systemctl  hybrid-sleep
             
10. service unit file:
            文件通常由三部分组成:
                [Unit]:定义与Unit类型无关的通用选项;用于提供unit的描述信息、unit行为及依赖关系等;
                [Service]:与特定类型相关的专用选项;此处为Service类型;
                [Install]:定义由“systemctl  enable”以及"systemctl  disable“命令在实现服务启用或禁用时用到的一些选项;
                 
            Unit段的常用选项:
                Description:描述信息; 意义性描述;
                After:定义unit的启动次序;表示当前unit应该晚于哪些unit启动;其功能与Before相反;
                Requies:依赖到的其它units;强依赖,被依赖的units无法激活时,当前unit即无法激活;
                Wants:依赖到的其它units;弱依赖;
                Conflicts:定义units间的冲突关系;
                 
            Service段的常用选项:
                Type:用于定义影响ExecStart及相关参数的功能的unit进程启动类型;
                    类型:
                        simple:
                        forking:
                        oneshot:
                        dbus:
                        notify:
                        idle:
                EnvironmentFile:环境配置文件;
                ExecStart:指明启动unit要运行命令或脚本; ExecStartPre, ExecStartPost
                ExecStop:指明停止unit要运行的命令或脚本;
                Restart:
                 
            Install段的常用选项:
                Alias:
                RequiredBy:被哪些units所依赖;
                WantedBy:被哪些units所依赖;
                 
        注意:对于新创建的unit文件或,修改了的unit文件,要通知systemd重载此配置文件;
            # systemctl  daemon-reload
             
        练习:为当前系统的httpd服务提供一个unit文件;
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/demonzk/p/6297328.html