记录temp被撑爆的一次SQL tuning

记录一下最近tuning的一例SQL

案例发生于report平台上的一个程序,以存储过程的形式存在,

透过每日对DB TIME的历史巡检,发现有异样,这张report把temp表空间都跑爆了都不会出结果,很是疑惑,

因为本身开发人员写的sql没有太大的诟病,不至于会把temp跑爆掉,并且已经经过测试投入生产使用了,所以并没太怀疑SQL的问题.

所以一开始并没有太在意sql的问题,- -并且这个时候看到的执行计划都是预估的,因为跑不出结果,直到报temp表空间不足的错误

比较纳闷,接着就开始一顿瞎倒腾,高水位,执行计划,10046,索引碎片,统计信息..

突然卡壳了,觉得这些都不是问题所在,然后开始单步调一调这个存储过程了,基本理清这个存储过程后,

去翻了翻AWR SQL Report..

咳咳,大跌眼镜,水落石出..

15:26:14 SYS PPTD 7.15 SQL> set autot off

15:26:18 SYS PPTD 7.15 SQL> Select *

15:26:19 2 from table(dbms_workload_repository.awr_sql_report_text(

15:26:19 3 1196179862,

15:26:19 4 1,

15:26:19 5 9444,

15:26:19 6 9447,

15:26:19 7 '7fgw1pgbc8hv7',

15:26:19 8 0));

Plan Statistics Snaps: 9444-9447

-> % Total DB Time is the Elapsed Time of the SQL statement divided

into the Total Database Time multiplied by 100

Stat Name Statement Per Execution % Snap

---------------------------------------- ---------- -------------- -------

Elapsed Time (ms) 2,197,510 1,098,755.2 45.3

CPU Time (ms) 1,941,178 970,589.0 45.7

Executions 2 N/A N/A

Buffer Gets 58,315 29,157.5 0.1

Disk Reads 726,046 363,023.0 79.1

Parse Calls 2 1.0 0.0

Rows ########## 21,049,910.0 N/A

User I/O Wait Time (ms) 247,851 N/A N/A

Cluster Wait Time (ms) 0 N/A N/A

Application Wait Time (ms) 0 N/A N/A

Concurrency Wait Time (ms) 3,859 N/A N/A

Invalidations 0 N/A N/A

Version Count 2 N/A N/A

Sharable Mem(KB) 260 N/A N/A

-------------------------------------------------------------

大体上这个存储过程的关键步骤切割后分为两步,

1,插入临时表.

2,然后根据临时表的标识数据,去匹配其他N张表的数据.

业务上的改变,导致部分join的条件并不是原来的逻辑了,原本1对1的column,现在是多对多,业务上的更改在report平台里没有及时的跟进,

导致笛卡尔集后翻了NNNNN倍,所以就会出现撑爆temp表空间的现象,找到问题点,沟通了下业务,更改之,OK

既来之,则安之,顺手把这部分的sql也调整了一下.

(为了美观,我把部分不重要的信息删去了)

一.tuning sql 1

Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

10:54:42 SYS PPTD 7.15 SQL> set autot traceonly

10:58:59 SYS PPTD 7.15 SQL> DELETE FROM ppt1d.R_TMP_AB008_A;

/******************************************删除并且插入数据至临时表***************************************/

已删除0行。

10:59:20 SYS PPTD 7.15 SQL> insert into ppt1d.R_TMP_AB008_A(ingotno)

10:59:20 2 select distinct brickno from ppt1d.squarer where type='S' AND creattime>=to_date('2010-5-17 00:00:00','YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') AND

10:59:20 3 creattime<=to_date('2010-05-18 00:00:00','YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS');

已创建225行。

/******************************************开始查询******************************************************/

Tuning1_A

11:38:18 SYS PPTD 7.15 SQL> SELECT

/*******************************************************************************************************/

/*************************************略去这部分计算以及显示的sql***************************************/

/*******************************************************************************************************/

11:38:49 32 FROM (

11:38:49 33 SELECT A.*, B.*, C.*, D.*, E.*, F.*

11:38:49 34 FROM (select M.DEPTNAME "开方部门", S.CUSTOMER "客户", S.TYPE "类型", S.SQUARESIZE "尺寸", S.S_ORDERNO "单晶批次号", S.brickno AS

SINGOTNO, S.INGOTWEIGHT "硅锭重量", S.SQUARERNO "开方机号", S.STARTDATE "开方日期时间"

11:38:49 35 from PPT1D.R_TMP_AB008_A tmp inner join PPT1D.SQUARER S on S.brickno=tmp.ingotno

11:38:49 36 inner join PPT1D.DEPTID_REPORT M on M.DEPTID = S.DEPTID) A

11:38:49 37 LEFT JOIN (SELECT G.INGOTNO, G.Brickno,G.GMLENG "滚磨长度", G.NOGM "不滚磨(是与否)", G.NOSAW "不切片(是与否)"

11:38:49 38 FROM PPT1D.R_TMP_AB008_A TMP INNER JOIN PPT1D.GMGK G ON TMP.INGOTNO=G.Brickno) B ON A.SINGOTNO =

11:38:49 39 B.Brickno

11:38:49 40 LEFT JOIN (SELECT G.INGOTNO, G.Brickno,G.NOGRIND "是否不磨平面", G.ISRETURN "是否回炉II"

11:38:49 41 FROM PPT1D.R_TMP_AB008_A TMP INNER JOIN PPT1D.GRINDING G ON TMP.INGOTNO=G.Brickno ) C ON A.SINGOTNO =

11:38:49 42 C.Brickno

11:38:49 43 LEFT JOIN (SELECT w.INGOTNO, w.brickno,w.ISDOFF "是否报废I", w.RECYCLEWEIGHT "报废重量", w.CUTTINGLEN "可切片有效长度"

11:38:49 44 FROM PPT1D.R_TMP_AB008_A TMP INNER JOIN PPT1D.WIRESAW W ON TMP.INGOTNO=W.Brickno ) D ON A.SINGOTNO =

11:38:49 45 D.Brickno

11:38:49 46 LEFT JOIN (SELECT p.INGOTNO,p.Brickno, p.ISDOFF "是否报废II", P.RECYCLEMATERIAL "可回收头尾料重量"

11:38:49 47 FROM PPT1D.R_TMP_AB008_A TMP INNER JOIN PPT1D.PRECLEAN P ON TMP.INGOTNO = P.Brickno ) E ON A.SINGOTNO =

11:38:49 48 E.Brickno

11:38:49 49 LEFT JOIN (SELECT I.INGOTNO,i.Brickno, I.THEORWAFER "理论片数", XJSUM "小计", I.THEORWAFER - XJSUM "碎片数", CUTPASS "切割良品数"

, (CASE

11:38:49 50 WHEN W.CUTTINGLEN = 0 THEN

11:38:49 51 0

11:38:49 52 ELSE

11:38:49 53 ROUND(CAST(I.XJSUM AS FLOAT) / CAST(W.CUTTINGLEN AS FLOAT) * 24.3, 4)

11:38:49 54 END) "单位出片数(PCS/24.3MM)", (CASE

11:38:49 55 WHEN W.CUTTINGLEN = 0 THEN

11:38:49 56 0

11:38:49 57 ELSE

11:38:49 58 ROUND(CAST(I.CUTPASS AS FLOAT) / CAST(W.CUTTINGLEN AS FLOAT) * 24.3, 4)

11:38:49 59 END) "单位出片良品数(PCS/24.3MM)", CAST(CAST((CASE

11:38:49 60 WHEN I.THEORWAFER = 0 THEN

11:38:49 61 0

11:38:49 62 ELSE

11:38:49 63 ROUND(CAST(CUTPASS AS FLOAT) / CAST(I.THEORWAFER AS FLOAT) * 100, 4)

11:38:49 64 END) AS DECIMAL(18, 2)) AS VARCHAR(50)) "切割良品率(实际)", CAST(CAST((CASE

11:38:49 65 WHEN I.THEORWAFER = 0 THEN

11:38:49 66 0

11:38:49 67 ELSE

11:38:49 68 ROUND(CAST(XJSUM AS FLOAT) / CAST(I.THEORWAFER AS FLOAT) * 100, 4)

11:38:49 69 END) AS DECIMAL(18, 2)) AS VARCHAR(50)) "实际出片率"

11:38:49 70 FROM PPT1D.R_TMP_AB008_A TMP

11:38:49 71 INNER JOIN PPT1D.INSPECTING I ON I.Brickno=TMP.INGOTNO

11:38:49 72 INNER JOIN PPT1D.WIRESAW W ON I.Brickno = W.Brickno ) F ON A.SINGOTNO =

11:38:49 73 F.Brickno) Z

11:38:49 74 ORDER BY Z.SINGOTNO;

已选择225行。

已用时间: 00: 00: 00.73

执行计划

----------------------------------------------------------

Plan hash value: 4168479773

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 225 | 95850 | 3040 (1)| 00:00:37 |

| 1 | SORT ORDER BY | | 225 | 95850 | 3040 (1)| 00:00:37 |

|* 2 | HASH JOIN RIGHT OUTER | | 225 | 95850 | 3039 (1)| 00:00:37 |

| 3 | VIEW | | 227 | 9080 | 452 (0)| 00:00:06 |

| 4 | NESTED LOOPS | | 227 | 10215 | 452 (0)| 00:00:06 |

| 5 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | R_TMP_AB008_A | 225 | 6075 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |

| 6 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | PRECLEAN | 1 | 18 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |

|* 7 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN | SYS_C0028829 | 1 | | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |

|* 8 | HASH JOIN RIGHT OUTER | | 225 | 86850 | 2586 (1)| 00:00:32 |

| 9 | VIEW | | 226 | 9266 | 452 (0)| 00:00:06 |

| 10 | NESTED LOOPS | | 226 | 9944 | 452 (0)| 00:00:06 |

| 11 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | R_TMP_AB008_A | 225 | 6075 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |

| 12 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | GRINDING | 1 | 17 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |

|* 13 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN | SYS_C0028800 | 1 | | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |

|* 14 | HASH JOIN RIGHT OUTER | | 225 | 77625 | 2133 (1)| 00:00:26 |

| 15 | VIEW | | 225 | 11925 | 452 (0)| 00:00:06 |

| 16 | NESTED LOOPS | | 225 | 10800 | 452 (0)| 00:00:06 |

| 17 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | R_TMP_AB008_A | 225 | 6075 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |

| 18 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | WIRESAW | 1 | 21 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |

|* 19 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN | SYS_C0029033 | 1 | | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |

|* 20 | HASH JOIN OUTER | | 225 | 65700 | 1681 (1)| 00:00:21 |

|* 21 | HASH JOIN RIGHT OUTER | | 225 | 33075 | 768 (1)| 00:00:10 |

| 22 | VIEW | | 225 | 12150 | 86 (2)| 00:00:02 |

|* 23 | HASH JOIN | | 225 | 10800 | 86 (2)| 00:00:02 |

| 24 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | R_TMP_AB008_A | 225 | 6075 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |

| 25 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | GMGK | 20809 | 426K| 84 (2)| 00:00:02 |

|* 26 | HASH JOIN | | 225 | 20925 | 681 (1)| 00:00:09 |

| 27 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | DEPTID_REPORT | 60 | 960 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |

| 28 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | SQUARER | 1 | 50 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |

| 29 | NESTED LOOPS | | 225 | 17325 | 677 (0)| 00:00:09 |

| 30 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | R_TMP_AB008_A | 225 | 6075 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |

|* 31 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | SYS_C0028939 | 1 | | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |

| 32 | VIEW | | 230 | 33350 | 912 (0)| 00:00:11 |

| 33 | NESTED LOOPS | | 230 | 15870 | 912 (0)| 00:00:11 |

| 34 | NESTED LOOPS | | 230 | 11960 | 452 (0)| 00:00:06 |

| 35 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | R_TMP_AB008_A | 225 | 6075 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |

| 36 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| INSPECTING | 1 | 25 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |

|* 37 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN | SYS_C0028809 | 1 | | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |

| 38 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | WIRESAW | 1 | 17 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |

|* 39 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN | SYS_C0029033 | 1 | | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

2 - access("S"."BRICKNO"="E"."BRICKNO"(+))

7 - access("TMP"."INGOTNO"="P"."BRICKNO")

8 - access("S"."BRICKNO"="C"."BRICKNO"(+))

13 - access("TMP"."INGOTNO"="G"."BRICKNO")

14 - access("S"."BRICKNO"="D"."BRICKNO"(+))

19 - access("TMP"."INGOTNO"="W"."BRICKNO")

20 - access("S"."BRICKNO"="F"."BRICKNO"(+))

21 - access("S"."BRICKNO"="B"."BRICKNO"(+))

23 - access("TMP"."INGOTNO"="G"."BRICKNO")

26 - access("M"."DEPTID"="S"."DEPTID")

31 - access("S"."BRICKNO"="TMP"."INGOTNO")

37 - access("I"."BRICKNO"="TMP"."INGOTNO")

39 - access("I"."BRICKNO"="W"."BRICKNO")

Note

-----

- dynamic sampling used for this statement

统计信息

----------------------------------------------------------

55 recursive calls

0 db block gets

4415 consistent gets

140 physical reads

0 redo size

21632 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client

3508 bytes received via SQL*Net from client

16 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client

14 sorts (memory)

0 sorts (disk)

225 rows processed

驱动表200+条数据,4000+的逻辑读 ,小驱动表,nested loop大表,并且都有合理的索引, 看起来没什么大的问题,不过细看之下,

驱动表被用来”驱”的次数貌似有些不合常理,层次如下

(R_TMP_AB008_A INNER JOIN 业务表1

INNER JOIN 业务表2)

LEFT JOIN (R_TMP_AB008_A INNER JOIN 业务表3)

LEFT JOIN (R_TMP_AB008_A INNER JOIN 业务表4)

LEFT JOIN (R_TMP_AB008_A INNER JOIN 业务表5)

LEFT JOIN (R_TMP_AB008_A INNER JOIN 业务表6)

LEFT JOIN (R_TMP_AB008_A INNER JOIN 业务表7

INNER JOIN 业务表8)

看得我很纠结,基本上是按照业务”常规理解”的模式直接写出来的sql,细想一下,还是可以将其优化的.

如果驱动表R_TMP_AB008_A不大的时候,大家都走nested loop,只要有合理的索引,问题就不大.

但是随着驱动表的数据量增大(几千~上万的时候),nested loop效率会逐渐降低,cost比不上hash join时

,CBO选择HASH JOIN,这时Tuning1_A的逻辑读大概会比调整后的Tuning1_B多10~20个百分点

以下为调整后的JOIN关系

(R_TMP_AB008_A INNER JOIN 业务表1

INNER JOIN 业务表2

LEFT JOIN 业务表3

LEFT JOIN 业务表4

LEFT JOIN 业务表5

LEFT JOIN 业务表6

LEFT JOIN 业务表7)

逻辑读由4415降低至3707

这样的情况其实并不少见,即是”由业务逻辑直译成SQL”,开发人员在写SQL的时候,多留个心眼,就不会存在这样的问题了.

总结一下:

对业务的部分变更,需要及时的嗅到,update之.

PS:我在WORD里编辑好了,排序都是很整齐的,贴到windows live writer里后,就歪掉了是字体的问题??...哪位大侠有好的方法啊?求指点.

OVER.

Tuning1_B

11:39:15 SYS PPTD 7.15 SQL> SELECT

/*******************************************************************************************************/

/*************************************略去这部分计算以及显示的sql***************************************/

/*******************************************************************************************************/

11:40:03 32 FROM (

11:40:03 33 select M.DEPTNAME "开方部门", S.CUSTOMER "客户", S.TYPE "类型", S.SQUARESIZE "尺寸", S.S_ORDERNO "单晶批次号", S.Brickno AS SINGOTNO, S

.INGOTWEIGHT "硅锭重量", S.SQUARERNO "开方机号", S.STARTDATE "开方日期时间",

11:40:03 34 G.INGOTNO, G.GMLENG "滚磨长度", G.NOGM "不滚磨(是与否)", G.NOSAW "不切片(是与否)",

11:40:03 35 Gr.INGOTNO, Gr.NOGRIND "是否不磨平面", Gr.ISRETURN "是否回炉II",

11:40:03 36 w.INGOTNO, w.ISDOFF "是否报废I", w.RECYCLEWEIGHT "报废重量", w.CUTTINGLEN "可切片有效长度",

11:40:03 37 p.INGOTNO, p.ISDOFF "是否报废II", P.RECYCLEMATERIAL "可回收头尾料重量",

11:40:03 38 I.INGOTNO, I.THEORWAFER "理论片数", XJSUM "小计", I.THEORWAFER - XJSUM "碎片数", CUTPASS "切割良品数", (CASE

11:40:03 39 WHEN W.CUTTINGLEN = 0 THEN

11:40:03 40 0

11:40:03 41 ELSE

11:40:03 42 ROUND(CAST(I.XJSUM AS FLOAT) / CAST(W.CUTTINGLEN AS FLOAT) * 24.3, 4)

11:40:03 43 END) "单位出片数(PCS/24.3MM)", (CASE

11:40:03 44 WHEN W.CUTTINGLEN = 0 THEN

11:40:03 45 0

11:40:03 46 ELSE

11:40:03 47 ROUND(CAST(I.CUTPASS AS FLOAT) / CAST(W.CUTTINGLEN AS FLOAT) * 24.3, 4)

11:40:03 48 END) "单位出片良品数(PCS/24.3MM)", CAST(CAST((CASE

11:40:03 49 WHEN I.THEORWAFER = 0 THEN

11:40:03 50 0

11:40:03 51 ELSE

11:40:03 52 ROUND(CAST(CUTPASS AS FLOAT) / CAST(I.THEORWAFER AS FLOAT) * 100, 4)

11:40:03 53 END) AS DECIMAL(18, 2)) AS VARCHAR(50)) "切割良品率(实际)", CAST(CAST((CASE

11:40:03 54 WHEN I.THEORWAFER = 0 THEN

11:40:03 55 0

11:40:03 56 ELSE

11:40:03 57 ROUND(CAST(XJSUM AS FLOAT) / CAST(I.THEORWAFER AS FLOAT) * 100, 4)

11:40:03 58 END) AS DECIMAL(18, 2)) AS VARCHAR(50)) "实际出片率"

11:40:03 59 from PPT1D.R_TMP_AB008_A tmp inner join PPT1D.SQUARER S on S.Brickno=tmp.ingotno

11:40:03 60 inner join PPT1D.DEPTID_REPORT M on M.DEPTID = S.DEPTID

11:40:03 61 LEFT JOIN PPT1D.GMGK G ON TMP.INGOTNO=G.brickno

11:40:03 62 LEFT JOIN PPT1D.GRINDING Gr ON TMP.INGOTNO=Gr.brickno

11:40:03 63 LEFT JOIN PPT1D.WIRESAW W ON TMP.INGOTNO=W.brickno

11:40:03 64 LEFT JOIN PPT1D.PRECLEAN P ON TMP.INGOTNO = P.brickno

11:40:03 65 LEFT JOIN PPT1D.INSPECTING I ON TMP.INGOTNO=I.brickno) Z

11:40:03 66 ORDER BY Z.SINGOTNO;

已选择225行。

已用时间: 00: 00: 00.29

执行计划

----------------------------------------------------------

Plan hash value: 3277539272

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 233 | 45435 | 2575 (1)| 00:00:31 |

| 1 | SORT ORDER BY | | 233 | 45435 | 2575 (1)| 00:00:31 |

| 2 | NESTED LOOPS OUTER | | 233 | 45435 | 2574 (1)| 00:00:31 |

| 3 | NESTED LOOPS OUTER | | 228 | 38760 | 2118 (1)| 00:00:26 |

| 4 | NESTED LOOPS OUTER | | 226 | 34352 | 1666 (1)| 00:00:20 |

|* 5 | HASH JOIN | | 225 | 30375 | 1215 (1)| 00:00:15 |

| 6 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | DEPTID_REPORT | 60 | 960 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |

| 7 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | SQUARER | 1 | 50 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |

| 8 | NESTED LOOPS | | 225 | 26775 | 1212 (1)| 00:00:15 |

| 9 | NESTED LOOPS OUTER | | 225 | 15525 | 536 (1)| 00:00:07 |

|* 10 | HASH JOIN OUTER | | 225 | 10800 | 86 (2)| 00:00:02 |

| 11 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | R_TMP_AB008_A | 225 | 6075 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |

| 12 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | GMGK | 20809 | 426K| 84 (2)| 00:00:02 |

| 13 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| WIRESAW | 1 | 21 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |

|* 14 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN | SYS_C0029033 | 1 | | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |

|* 15 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | SYS_C0028939 | 1 | | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |

| 16 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | GRINDING | 1 | 17 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |

|* 17 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN | SYS_C0028800 | 1 | | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |

| 18 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | PRECLEAN | 1 | 18 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |

|* 19 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN | SYS_C0028829 | 1 | | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |

| 20 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | INSPECTING | 1 | 25 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |

|* 21 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN | SYS_C0028809 | 1 | | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

5 - access("M"."DEPTID"="S"."DEPTID")

10 - access("TMP"."INGOTNO"="G"."BRICKNO"(+))

14 - access("TMP"."INGOTNO"="W"."BRICKNO"(+))

15 - access("S"."BRICKNO"="TMP"."INGOTNO")

17 - access("TMP"."INGOTNO"="GR"."BRICKNO"(+))

19 - access("TMP"."INGOTNO"="P"."BRICKNO"(+))

21 - access("TMP"."INGOTNO"="I"."BRICKNO"(+))

Note

-----

- dynamic sampling used for this statement

统计信息

----------------------------------------------------------

4 recursive calls

0 db block gets

3707 consistent gets

0 physical reads

0 redo size

21632 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client

2347 bytes received via SQL*Net from client

16 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client

2 sorts (memory)

0 sorts (disk)

225 rows processed

作者：Daaprk

出处：http://www.cnblogs.com/dap570/

可以转载,但必须以超链接形式标明文章原始出处和作者信息.