Scrapy入门操作

一、安装Scrapy:

　　如果您还未安装，请参考https://www.cnblogs.com/dalyday/p/9277212.html

二、Scrapy基本配置

1.创建Scrapy程序

　　cd D:dalyPycharmProjectsday19_spider 　　# 根目录自己定

　　scrapy startprojcet sql　　　　　　　　# 创建程序
　　cd sql
　　scrapy genspider chouti chouti.com 　　# 创建爬虫
　　scrapy crawl chouti --nolog　　　　　　# 启动爬虫

 2.程序目录

三、Scrapy程序操作

1.自定制起始url

a.打开刚才创建chouti.py文件

class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'chouti'
    allowed_domains = ['chouti.com']
    start_urls = ['http://chouti.com/']

    def parse(self, response):
        # pass
        print('已经下载完成',response.text)

b.定制起始url

import scrapy
from scrapy.http import Request
class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'chouti'
    allowed_domains = ['chouti.com']

    def start_requests(self):
        yield Request(url='http://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/8', callback=self.parse1111)
        yield Request(url='http://dig.chouti.com/', callback=self.parse222)

    # return [
    #     Request(url='http://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/8', callback=self.parse1111),
    #     Request(url='http://dig.chouti.com/', callback=self.parse222)
    # ]

    def parse1111(self, response):
        print('dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/8已经下载完成', response)

    def parse222(self, response):
        print('http://dig.chouti.com/已经下载完成', response) 

2.数据持久化(pipeline使用)

a.parse函数中必须yield一个 Item对象

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from scrapy.selector import HtmlXPathSelector
from ..items import SqlItem

class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'chouti'
    allowed_domains = ['chouti.com']
    start_urls = ['http://chouti.com/']

    def parse(self, response):
        # print('已经下载完成',response.text)

        # 获取页面上所有的新闻，将标题和URL写入文件
        """
        方法一：
        soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text,'lxml')
        tag = soup.find(name='div',id='content-list')
        # tag = soup.find(name='div', attrs={'id':'content_list})
        """
        # 方法二：
        """
                // 表示从跟开始向下找标签
                //div[@id="content-list"]
                //div[@id="content-list"]/div[@class="item"]
                .// 相对当前对象
        """
        hxs = HtmlXPathSelector(response)
        tag_list = hxs.select('//div[@id="content-list"]/div[@class="item"]')
        for item in tag_list:
            text1 = (item.select('.//div[@class="part1"]/a/text()')).extract_first().strip()
            url1 = (item.select('.//div[@class="part1"]/a/@href')).extract_first()

            yield SqlItem(text=text1,url=url1)

b.定义item对象

import scrapy


class SqlItem(scrapy.Item):
    # define the fields for your item here like:
    # name = scrapy.Field()
    text = scrapy.Field()
    url = scrapy.Field()

c.编写pipeline

class DbPipeline(object):
    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        # print('数据DbPipeline',item)
        return item

class FilePipeline(object):
    def open_spider(self, spider):
        """
        爬虫开始执行时，调用
        :param spider:
        :return:
        """
        print('开始>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>')
        self.f = open('123.txt','a+',encoding='utf-8')

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        self.f.write(item['text']+'
')
        self.f.write(item['url']+'
')
        self.f.flush()
        return item

    def close_spider(self, spider):
        """
        爬虫关闭时，被调用
        :param spider:
        :return:
        """
        self.f.close()
        print('结束>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>')

d.settings中进行注册

#建议300-1000,谁小谁先执行
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   'sql.pipelines.DbPipeline': 300,
    'sql.pipelines.FilePipeline': 400,
}

 对于pipeline可以做更多，如下

from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem

class CustomPipeline(object):
    def __init__(self,v):
        self.value = v

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        # 操作并进行持久化

        # return表示会被后续的pipeline继续处理
        return item

        # 表示将item丢弃，不会被后续pipeline处理
        # raise DropItem()


    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        """
        初始化时候，用于创建pipeline对象
        :param crawler: 
        :return: 
        """
        val = crawler.settings.getint('MMMM')
        return cls(val)

    def open_spider(self,spider):
        """
        爬虫开始执行时，调用
        :param spider: 
        :return: 
        """
        print('000000')

    def close_spider(self,spider):
        """
        爬虫关闭时，被调用
        :param spider: 
        :return: 
        """
        print('111111')

#####################################  注意事项  #############################################

①. pipeline中最多可以写5个方法，各函数执行顺序:def from_crawler --> def __init__  --> def open_spide r --> def prpcess_item --> def close_spider

②. 如果前面类中的Pipeline的process_item方法，跑出了DropItem异常，则后续类中pipeline的process_item就不再执行

class DBPipeline(object):
    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        #print('DBPipeline',item)
        raise DropItem()        

 3.“递归执行”

上面的操作步骤只是将当页的chouti.com所有新闻标题和URL写入文件，接下来考虑将所有的页码新闻标题和URL写入文件

a.yield Request对象

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from scrapy.selector import HtmlXPathSelector
from ..items import SqlItem
from scrapy.http import Request

class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'chouti'
    allowed_domains = ['chouti.com']
    start_urls = ['http://chouti.com/']

    def parse(self, response):
        # print('已经下载完成',response.text)

        # 1.获取页面上所有的新闻，将标题和URL写入文件
        """
        方法一：
        soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text,'lxml')
        tag = soup.find(name='div',id='content-list')
        # tag = soup.find(name='div', attrs={'id':'content_list})
        """
        # 方法二：
        """
                // 表示从跟开始向下找标签
                //div[@id="content-list"]
                //div[@id="content-list"]/div[@class="item"]
                .// 相对当前对象
        """
        hxs = HtmlXPathSelector(response)
        tag_list = hxs.select('//div[@id="content-list"]/div[@class="item"]')
        for item in tag_list:
            text1 = (item.select('.//div[@class="part1"]/a/text()')).extract_first().strip()
            url1 = (item.select('.//div[@class="part1"]/a/@href')).extract_first()

            yield SqlItem(text=text1,url=url1)

        # 2.找到所有页码，访问页码，页码下载完成后，继续执行持久化的逻辑+继续找页码
        page_list = hxs.select('//div[@id="dig_lcpage"]//a/@href').extract()
        # page_list = hxs.select('//div[@id="dig_lcpage"]//a[re:test(@href,"/all/hot/recent/d+")]/@href').extract()
        base_url = "https://dig.chouti.com/{0}"
        for page in page_list:
            url = base_url.format(page)
            yield Request(url=url,callback=self.parse)

#####################################  注意事项  #############################################

①. settings.py 可以设置DEPTH_LIMIT = 2，  表示循环完第二层结束。

 4.自定义过滤规则(set( )集合去重性)

为防止爬一样的url数据，需要自定义去重规则，去掉已经爬过的URL，新的URL继续下载

a. 编写类

class RepeatUrl:
    def __init__(self):
        self.visited_url = set()

    @classmethod
    def from_settings(cls, settings):
        """
        初始化时，调用
        :param settings: 
        :return: 
        """
        return cls()

    def request_seen(self, request):
        """
        检测当前请求是否已经被访问过
        :param request: 
        :return: True表示已经访问过；False表示未访问过
        """
        if request.url in self.visited_url:
            return True
        self.visited_url.add(request.url)
        return False

    def open(self):
        """
        开始爬去请求时，调用
        :return: 
        """
        print('open replication')

    def close(self, reason):
        """
        结束爬虫爬取时，调用
        :param reason: 
        :return: 
        """
        print('close replication')

    def log(self, request, spider):
        """
        记录日志
        :param request: 
        :param spider: 
        :return: 
        """
        pass

b.配置文件

# 自定义过滤规则
DUPEFILTER_CLASS = 'spl.new.RepeatUrl'

 5.点赞与取消赞

a.获取cookie

cookie_dict = {}
    has_request_set = {}

    def start_requests(self):
        url = 'http://dig.chouti.com/'
        yield Request(url=url, callback=self.login)

    def login(self, response):
        # 去响应头中获取cookie
        cookie_jar = CookieJar()
        cookie_jar.extract_cookies(response, response.request)
        for k, v in cookie_jar._cookies.items():
            for i, j in v.items():
                for m, n in j.items():
                    self.cookie_dict[m] = n.value

b.scrapy发送POST请求

req = Request(
            url='http://dig.chouti.com/login',
            method='POST',
            headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8'},
            body='phone=86138xxxxxxxx&password=xxxxxxxxx&oneMonth=1',
            cookies=self.cookie_dict,# 未认证cookie带过去
            callback=self.check_login
        )
        yield req

#需要登录帐号

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from scrapy.selector import HtmlXPathSelector
from scrapy.http.request import Request
from scrapy.http.cookies import CookieJar
from scrapy import FormRequest

class ChouTiSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    # 爬虫应用的名称，通过此名称启动爬虫命令
    name = "chouti"
    # 允许的域名
    allowed_domains = ["chouti.com"]

    cookie_dict = {}
    has_request_set = {}

    def start_requests(self):
        url = 'http://dig.chouti.com/'
        yield Request(url=url, callback=self.login)

    def login(self, response):
        # 去响应头中获取cookie
        cookie_jar = CookieJar()
        cookie_jar.extract_cookies(response, response.request)
        for k, v in cookie_jar._cookies.items():
            for i, j in v.items():
                for m, n in j.items():
                    self.cookie_dict[m] = n.value
        # 未认证cookie
        req = Request(
            url='http://dig.chouti.com/login',
            method='POST',
            headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8'},
            body='phone=86138xxxxxxxx&password=xxxxxx&oneMonth=1',
            cookies=self.cookie_dict,# 未认证cookie带过去
            callback=self.check_login
        )
        yield req

    def check_login(self, response):
        print('登录成功，返回code:9999',response.text)
        req = Request(
            url='http://dig.chouti.com/',
            method='GET',
            callback=self.show,
            cookies=self.cookie_dict,
            dont_filter=True
        )
        yield req

    def show(self, response):
        # print(response)
        hxs = HtmlXPathSelector(response)
        news_list = hxs.select('//div[@id="content-list"]/div[@class="item"]')
        for new in news_list:
            # temp = new.xpath('div/div[@class="part2"]/@share-linkid').extract()
            link_id = new.xpath('*/div[@class="part2"]/@share-linkid').extract_first()
            # 赞
            # yield Request(
            #     url='http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=%s' %(link_id,),
            #     method='POST',
            #     cookies=self.cookie_dict,
            #     callback=self.result
            # )
            # 取消赞
            yield Request(
                url='https://dig.chouti.com/vote/cancel/vote.do',
                method='POST',
                headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8'},
                body='linksId=%s' %(link_id),
                cookies=self.cookie_dict,
                callback=self.result
            )

        page_list = hxs.select('//div[@id="dig_lcpage"]//a[re:test(@href, "/all/hot/recent/d+")]/@href').extract()
        for page in page_list:

            page_url = 'http://dig.chouti.com%s' % page
            """
            手动去重
            import hashlib
            hash = hashlib.md5()
            hash.update(bytes(page_url,encoding='utf-8'))
            key = hash.hexdigest()
            if key in self.has_request_set:
                pass
            else:
                self.has_request_set[key] = page_url
            """
            yield Request(
                url=page_url,
                method='GET',
                callback=self.show
            )

    def result(self, response):
        print(response.text)

#####################################  备注 #############################################

 ①.构造请求体结构数据

from urllib.parse import urlencode

dic = {
    'name':'daly',
    'age': 'xxx',
    'gender':'xxxxx'
}

data = urlencode(dic)
print(data)
# 打印结果
name=daly&age=xxx&gender=xxxxx

6.下载中间件

a.编写中间件类

class SqlDownloaderMiddleware(object):
    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        # Called for each request that goes through the downloader
        # middleware.

        # Must either:
        # - return None: continue processing this request
        # - or return a Response object
        # - or return a Request object
        # - or raise IgnoreRequest: process_exception() methods of
        #   installed downloader middleware will be called
        print('中间件>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>',request)
        # 对所有请求做统一操作
        # 1. 请求头处理
        request.headers['User-Agent'] = "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/66.0.3359.181 Safari/537.36"
        # 2. 添加代理
        # request.headers['asdfasdf'] = "asdfadfasdf"


    def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
        # Called with the response returned from the downloader.

        # Must either;
        # - return a Response object
        # - return a Request object
        # - or raise IgnoreRequest
        return response

    def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
        # Called when a download handler or a process_request()
        # (from other downloader middleware) raises an exception.

        # Must either:
        # - return None: continue processing this exception
        # - return a Response object: stops process_exception() chain
        # - return a Request object: stops process_exception() chain
        pass

b.配置文件

DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   'sql.middlewares.SqlDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
}

c.中间件对所有请求做统一操作:

1.请求头处理

request.headers['User-Agent'] = "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/66.0.3359.181 Safari/537.36"

2.代理

 2.1 内置依赖于环境变量（不推荐）　

import os
    os.environ['http_proxy'] = "http://root:woshiniba@192.168.11.11:9999/"
    os.environ['https_proxy'] = "http://192.168.11.11:9999/"
				
PS: 请求刚开始时前需设置，也就是chouti.py中函数start_requests开始后

 2.2 自定义下载中间件（建议）　　

  2.2.1 创建下载中间件

import random
import base64
import six

def to_bytes(text, encoding=None, errors='strict'):
    if isinstance(text, bytes):
        return text
    if not isinstance(text, six.string_types):
        raise TypeError('to_bytes must receive a unicode, str or bytes '
                        'object, got %s' % type(text).__name__)
    if encoding is None:
        encoding = 'utf-8'
    return text.encode(encoding, errors)


class ProxyMiddleware(object):
    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        PROXIES = [
            {'ip_port': '111.11.228.75:80', 'user_pass': ''},
            {'ip_port': '120.198.243.22:80', 'user_pass': ''},
            {'ip_port': '111.8.60.9:8123', 'user_pass': ''},
            {'ip_port': '101.71.27.120:80', 'user_pass': ''},
            {'ip_port': '122.96.59.104:80', 'user_pass': ''},
            {'ip_port': '122.224.249.122:8088', 'user_pass': ''},
        ]

        proxy = random.choice(PROXIES)
        if proxy['user_pass'] is not None:
            request.meta['proxy'] = to_bytes("http://%s" % proxy['ip_port'])
            encoded_user_pass = base64.encodestring(to_bytes(proxy['user_pass']))
            request.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = to_bytes('Basic ' + encoded_user_pass)

        else:
            request.meta['proxy'] = to_bytes("http://%s" % proxy['ip_port'])

  2.2.2 应用下载中间件

DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
    'spl.pronxies.ProxyMiddleware':600,
}

 7.自定制扩展（利用信号在指定位置注册制定操作）

a.编写类

b.settings.py里注册：

EXTENSIONS = {
   'spl.extends.MyExtensione': 600,
}

更多扩展

engine_started = object()
engine_stopped = object()
spider_opened = object()
spider_idle = object()
spider_closed = object()
spider_error = object()
request_scheduled = object()
request_dropped = object()
response_received = object()
response_downloaded = object()
item_scraped = object()
item_dropped = object()　

8.自定制命令（同时运行多个爬虫）

1.在spiders同级创建任意目录，如：commands，在其中创建 dalyl.py 文件 （此处文件名就是自定义的命令）

from scrapy.commands import ScrapyCommand
from scrapy.utils.project import get_project_settings


class Command(ScrapyCommand):
    requires_project = True

    def syntax(self):
        return '[options]'

    def short_desc(self):
        return 'Runs all of the spiders'

    def run(self, args, opts):
        spider_list = self.crawler_process.spiders.list()
        for name in spider_list:
            self.crawler_process.crawl(name, **opts.__dict__)
        self.crawler_process.start()

2.settings.py注册：

#  自定制命令
COMMANDS_MODULE = 'sql.commands'

 -在项目目录执行命令：scrapy daly --nolog

运行结果：

更多文档参见

scrapy知识点：https://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6229292.html

scrapy分布式：http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6912807.html