面试题之中的一个。
s=[
{"name":"Axx","score":"90"},
{"name":"Bxx","score":"91"},
{"name":"Cxx","score":"20"},
]
请用一行代码对上述list，依照score排序。
s=[
{"name":"Axx","score":"90"},
{"name":"Bxx","score":"91"},
{"name":"Cxx","score":"20"},
]
print "original s: ",s
new_s = sorted(s,key = lambda e:e.__getitem__('score'))
print "new s: ",new_s结果：
original s: [{'score': '90', 'name': 'Axx'}, {'score': '91', 'name': 'Bxx'}, {'score': '20', 'name': 'Cxx'}]
new s: [{'score': '20', 'name': 'Cxx'}, {'score': '90', 'name': 'Axx'}, {'score': '91', 'name': 'Bxx'}]吐槽：print字典的排序和我s的定义顺序貌似不一样，我定义是name,score，print出来是score再name。貌似也无关紧要，dic本来就无序。
假设我想多级排序呢，先用score排序。再用name排序：
s=[
{"name":"Exx","score":"90"},
{"name":"Axx","score":"90"},
{"name":"Bxx","score":"91"},
{"name":"Cxx","score":"20"},
{"name":"Dxx","score":"90"},
]
print "original s: ",s
new_s = sorted(s,key = lambda e:e.__getitem__('score'))
print "new s: ",new_s
new_s_2 = sorted(new_s,key = lambda e:(e.__getitem__('score'),e.__getitem__('name')))
print "new_s_2: ",new_s_2
original s: [{'score': '90', 'name': 'Exx'}, {'score': '90', 'name': 'Axx'}, {'score': '91', 'name': 'Bxx'}, {'score': '20', 'name': 'Cxx'}, {'score': '90', 'name': 'Dxx'}]
new s: [{'score': '20', 'name': 'Cxx'}, {'score': '90', 'name': 'Exx'}, {'score': '90', 'name': 'Axx'}, {'score': '90', 'name': 'Dxx'}, {'score': '91', 'name': 'Bxx'}]
new_s_2: [{'score': '20', 'name': 'Cxx'}, {'score': '90', 'name': 'Axx'}, {'score': '90', 'name': 'Dxx'}, {'score': '90', 'name': 'Exx'}, {'score': '91', 'name': 'Bxx'}]这里key = lambda e:(e.__getitem__('score'),e.__getitem__('name'))。lambda函数返回值就是个元组，元组的比較都是先比較第一个，第一个同样再比較第二个，以此类推。
元组的比較，有代码为证：
>>> aa = (1,3) >>> bb = (1,2) >>> cc = (2,3) >>> aa > bb True >>> aa > cc False >>> bb < cc True >>>
面试题目消化完了，是时候表演下真正的技术了，额，不正确，是时候看下python sorted这个函数了。
sorted(iterable,cmp=None,key=None,reverse=False)
第一个參数那里放一个iterable对象。比方list。
第三个參数那里放一个keyword函数，让sorted()知道我们要比較元素的什么。
额，就仅仅用到这两个就够了。
尝试去读sorted源码。在C:Python-2.7.2Pythonltinmodule.c中：
static PyObject *
builtin_sorted(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
PyObject *newlist, *v, *seq, *compare=NULL, *keyfunc=NULL, *newargs;
PyObject *callable;
static char *kwlist[] = {"iterable", "cmp", "key", "reverse", 0};
int reverse;
/* args 1-4 should match listsort in Objects/listobject.c */
if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "O|OOi:sorted",
kwlist, &seq, &compare, &keyfunc, &reverse))
return NULL;
newlist = PySequence_List(seq);
if (newlist == NULL)
return NULL;
callable = PyObject_GetAttrString(newlist, "sort");//居然是用list.sort()
if (callable == NULL) {
Py_DECREF(newlist);
return NULL;
}
newargs = PyTuple_GetSlice(args, 1, 4);
if (newargs == NULL) {
Py_DECREF(newlist);
Py_DECREF(callable);
return NULL;
}
v = PyObject_Call(callable, newargs, kwds);
Py_DECREF(newargs);
Py_DECREF(callable);
if (v == NULL) {
Py_DECREF(newlist);
return NULL;
}
Py_DECREF(v);
return newlist;
}不看了，那个sorted()代码事实上新建一个list，然后用list.sort()。所以我们看list.sort()就好了。转战C:Python-2.7.2Objectslistobject.c中的list.sort()，受到一万点伤害，不看了。去死吧。手贱看什么源代码，直接会用即可了。
static PyObject *
listsort(PyListObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
MergeState ms;
PyObject **lo, **hi;
Py_ssize_t nremaining;
Py_ssize_t minrun;
Py_ssize_t saved_ob_size, saved_allocated;
PyObject **saved_ob_item;
PyObject **final_ob_item;
PyObject *compare = NULL;
PyObject *result = NULL; /* guilty until proved innocent */
int reverse = 0;
PyObject *keyfunc = NULL;
Py_ssize_t i;
PyObject *key, *value, *kvpair;
static char *kwlist[] = {"cmp", "key", "reverse", 0};
assert(self != NULL);
assert (PyList_Check(self));
if (args != NULL) {
if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "|OOi:sort",
kwlist, &compare, &keyfunc, &reverse))
return NULL;
}
if (compare == Py_None)
compare = NULL;
if (compare != NULL &&
PyErr_WarnPy3k("the cmp argument is not supported in 3.x", 1) < 0)
return NULL;
if (keyfunc == Py_None)
keyfunc = NULL;
if (compare != NULL && keyfunc != NULL) {
compare = build_cmpwrapper(compare);
if (compare == NULL)
return NULL;
} else
Py_XINCREF(compare);
/* The list is temporarily made empty, so that mutations performed
* by comparison functions can't affect the slice of memory we're
* sorting (allowing mutations during sorting is a core-dump
* factory, since ob_item may change).
*/
saved_ob_size = Py_SIZE(self);
saved_ob_item = self->ob_item;
saved_allocated = self->allocated;
Py_SIZE(self) = 0;
self->ob_item = NULL;
self->allocated = -1; /* any operation will reset it to >= 0 */
if (keyfunc != NULL) {
for (i=0 ; i < saved_ob_size ; i++) {
value = saved_ob_item[i];
key = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(keyfunc, value,
NULL);
if (key == NULL) {
for (i=i-1 ; i>=0 ; i--) {
kvpair = saved_ob_item[i];
value = sortwrapper_getvalue(kvpair);
saved_ob_item[i] = value;
Py_DECREF(kvpair);
}
goto dsu_fail;
}
kvpair = build_sortwrapper(key, value);
if (kvpair == NULL)
goto dsu_fail;
saved_ob_item[i] = kvpair;
}
}
/* Reverse sort stability achieved by initially reversing the list,
applying a stable forward sort, then reversing the final result. */
if (reverse && saved_ob_size > 1)
reverse_slice(saved_ob_item, saved_ob_item + saved_ob_size);
merge_init(&ms, compare);
nremaining = saved_ob_size;
if (nremaining < 2)
goto succeed;
/* March over the array once, left to right, finding natural runs,
* and extending short natural runs to minrun elements.
*/
lo = saved_ob_item;
hi = lo + nremaining;
minrun = merge_compute_minrun(nremaining);
do {
int descending;
Py_ssize_t n;
/* Identify next run. */
n = count_run(lo, hi, compare, &descending);
if (n < 0)
goto fail;
if (descending)
reverse_slice(lo, lo + n);
/* If short, extend to min(minrun, nremaining). */
if (n < minrun) {
const Py_ssize_t force = nremaining <= minrun ?
nremaining : minrun;
if (binarysort(lo, lo + force, lo + n, compare) < 0)
goto fail;
n = force;
}
/* Push run onto pending-runs stack, and maybe merge. */
assert(ms.n < MAX_MERGE_PENDING);
ms.pending[ms.n].base = lo;
ms.pending[ms.n].len = n;
++ms.n;
if (merge_collapse(&ms) < 0)
goto fail;
/* Advance to find next run. */
lo += n;
nremaining -= n;
} while (nremaining);
assert(lo == hi);
if (merge_force_collapse(&ms) < 0)
goto fail;
assert(ms.n == 1);
assert(ms.pending[0].base == saved_ob_item);
assert(ms.pending[0].len == saved_ob_size);
succeed:
result = Py_None;
fail:
if (keyfunc != NULL) {
for (i=0 ; i < saved_ob_size ; i++) {
kvpair = saved_ob_item[i];
value = sortwrapper_getvalue(kvpair);
saved_ob_item[i] = value;
Py_DECREF(kvpair);
}
}
if (self->allocated != -1 && result != NULL) {
/* The user mucked with the list during the sort,
* and we don't already have another error to report.
*/
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "list modified during sort");
result = NULL;
}
if (reverse && saved_ob_size > 1)
reverse_slice(saved_ob_item, saved_ob_item + saved_ob_size);
merge_freemem(&ms);
dsu_fail:
final_ob_item = self->ob_item;
i = Py_SIZE(self);
Py_SIZE(self) = saved_ob_size;
self->ob_item = saved_ob_item;
self->allocated = saved_allocated;
if (final_ob_item != NULL) {
/* we cannot use list_clear() for this because it does not
guarantee that the list is really empty when it returns */
while (--i >= 0) {
Py_XDECREF(final_ob_item[i]);
}
PyMem_FREE(final_ob_item);
}
Py_XDECREF(compare);
Py_XINCREF(result);
return result;
}