【GDOI2020模拟03.11】我的朋友们(多项式求逆+分治NTT)

题目大意:



(1 le l le n le 10^5)

题解:


写完之后觉得我死了,这应该是我做过的最复杂的分治NTT。

(p[i])表示第(i)个点概率,为了表达方便,先把(p[i]) reverse一下。

(P(i)=p[i]·x+1-p[i])

考虑设(f[i])表示从第(i)个点出发的期望步数。
(i<l,f[i]=0)

(H_i(x)=prod_{j=i-l+1}^{i}P(j))
(ige l,f[i]=1+sum_{j=0}^l f[i-j]*H_i[x^j])

(j=0)时,(f[i-j]=f[i]),把这一项移到等式右边,解个方程可得:
(i ge l,f[i]=(1+sum_{j=1}^l f[i-j]*H_i[x^j])/(1-H_i[x^0]))

得到了(O(n^2))的做法。


(F_i=sum_{j=1}^i f[j]*x^j)
(f[i]=F_{i-1}*H_i[x^i])

考虑分治求(f[]),现在已经求出了(f[1..x-1]),要求(f[x..y])

在这个分治的过程中,动态的维护两个函数(F[x][y],G[x][y])

(G[x][y]=prod_{j=y-l+1}^{x}P(j))

它的含义即为(f[x..y])的转移里都会用到(P)的乘积。

注意到(y-l+1)可能会大于(x),此时我们把意义推广,设(SP)(P)的前缀积,则:
(G[x][y]=prod_{j=y-l+1}^{x}P(j)=SP[x]/SP[y-l])

(F[x][y]=F_{x-1}*G[x][y])

如果能一直维护这两个函数,那么当(x=y)时直接取(F[x][y])(x)项的系数就好了。

(m=(x+y)/2)

1.由([x,y])递归至([x,m])

(G[x][m]=G[x][y]*prod_{i=m}^{r-1}P(i-l+1)=G[x][y]*prod_{i=m+1}^{r}P(i-l))

(F[x][m]=F[x][y]*prod_{i=m+1}^{r}P(i-l))

2.由([x,y])递归至([m+1,y])

(G[m+1][y]=G[x][y]*prod_{i=x+1}^{m+1}P(i)=G[x][y]*prod_{i=x}^{m}P(i+1))

(F[m+1][y]=F[x][y]*prod_{i=x}^{m}P(i+1)+(F_m-F_{x-1})*G[m+1][y])

发现每次乘上的(prod P)都可以通过分治NTT预处理出来

当然这么做并没有使复杂度降低。

观察(F[x][y],G[x][y]),在递归的过程中一直乘(prod P),也就是次数最多+(y-x)

最后要统计答案取的那一项的次数也在([x,y])里。

那么只维护({F[x][y]over x^{max(0,x-(y-x))}})的前(2(y-x))项和(G[x][y])的前(y-x)项就可以了。

因为一切多项式的长度都是(O(y-x)),所以时间复杂度是(O(n~log^2~n))

最后一个问题就是(F[1][n])(G[1][n])怎么求?

(F[1][n])显然是0.

(G[1][n]=SP[1]/SP[n-l])

分治NTT之后再多项式求逆就可以求出(G[1][n])

Code:

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#define fo(i, x, y) for(int i = x, _b = y; i <= _b; i ++)
#define ff(i, x, y) for(int i = x, _b = y; i <  _b; i ++)
#define fd(i, x, y) for(int i = x, _b = y; i >= _b; i --)
#define ll long long
#define pp printf
#define hh pp("
")
using namespace std;

const int mo = 998244353;

ll ksm(ll x, ll y) {
	ll s = 1;
	for(; y; y /= 2, x = x * x % mo)
		if(y & 1) s = s * x % mo;
	return s;
}

#define V vector<ll>
#define re resize
#define si size()
const int nm = 1 << 18;
namespace ntt {
    ll w[nm], a[nm], b[nm]; int r[nm];
    void build() {
        for(int i = 1; i < nm; i *= 2) {
            ll v = ksm(3, (mo - 1) / 2 / i);
            w[i] = 1; ff(j, 1, i) w[i + j] = w[i + j - 1] * v % mo;
        }
    }
    void dft(ll *a, int n, int f) {
        ff(i, 0, n) {
            r[i] = r[i / 2] / 2 + (i & 1) * (n / 2);
            if(i < r[i]) swap(a[i], a[r[i]]);
        } ll b;
        for(int i = 1; i < n; i *= 2) for(int j = 0; j < n; j += 2 * i)
            ff(k, 0, i) b = a[i + j + k] * w[i + k], a[i + j + k] = (a[j + k] - b) % mo, a[j + k] = (a[j + k] + b) % mo;
        if(f == -1) {
            reverse(a + 1, a + n);
            b = ksm(n, mo - 2);
            ff(i, 0, n) a[i] = (a[i] + mo) * b % mo;
        }
    }
    void fft(V &p, V &q) {
        int p0 = p.si + q.si - 1, n = 1;
        for(; n < p0; n *= 2);
        ff(i, 0, n) a[i] = b[i] = 0;
        ff(i, 0, p.si) a[i] = p[i];
        ff(i, 0, q.si) b[i] = q[i];
        dft(a, n, 1); dft(b, n, 1);
        ff(i, 0, n) a[i] = a[i] * b[i] % mo;
        dft(a, n, -1);
        p.re(p0);
        ff(i, 0, p0) p[i] = a[i];
    }
}

V operator * (V p, V q) {
    ntt :: fft(p, q);
    return p;
}
void dft(V &p, int f) {
    ff(i, 0, p.si) ntt :: a[i] = p[i];
    ntt :: dft(ntt :: a, p.si, f);
    ff(i, 0, p.si) p[i] = ntt :: a[i];
}
V qni(V a) {
    int a0 = a.si, n0 = 1;
    while(n0 < a0) n0 *= 2;
    V b; b.re(1); b[0] = ksm(a[0], mo - 2);
    for(int n = 2; n <= n0; n *= 2) {
        V d = b; d.re(n); b.re(2 * n);
        V c = a; c.re(n); c.re(2 * n);
        dft(c, 1); dft(b, 1);
        ff(i, 0, b.si) b[i] = c[i] * b[i] % mo * b[i] % mo;
        dft(b, -1); b.re(n);
        ff(i, 0, b.si) b[i] = (2 * d[i] - b[i] + mo) % mo;
    }
    b.re(a0);
    return b;
}
V operator + (V p, V q) {
	p.re(max(p.si, q.si));
	ff(i, 0, q.si) p[i] = (p[i] + q[i]) % mo;
	return p;
}

const int N = 1e5 + 5;

int n, l;
ll x, y, p[N];
ll sp[N], np[N];

void Init() {
	scanf("%d %d", &n, &l);
	fo(i, 1, n) {
		scanf("%lld %lld", &x, &y);
		p[i] = x * ksm(y, mo - 2) % mo;
	}
	reverse(p + 1, p + n + 1);
	sp[0] = 1; fo(i, 1, n) sp[i] = sp[i - 1] * (1 - p[i]) % mo;
	np[n] = ksm(sp[n], mo - 2); fd(i, n, 1) np[i - 1] = np[i] * (1 - p[i]) % mo;
}

ll calc(int x) {
	return sp[x] * np[x - l] % mo;
}

V t1[N * 4], t2[N * 4];

#define i0 i + i
#define i1 i + i + 1
void dg(int i, int x, int y) {
	if(x > y) return;
	if(x == y) {
		t1[i].re(2);
		t1[i][0] = 1 - p[x + 1];
		t1[i][1] = p[x + 1];
		
		ll v = x >= l ? p[x - l] : 0;
		t2[i].re(2);
		t2[i][0] = 1 - v;
		t2[i][1] = v;
		return;
	}
	int m = x + y >> 1;
	dg(i0, x, m); dg(i1, m + 1, y);
	t1[i] = t1[i0] * t1[i1];
	t2[i] = t2[i0] * t2[i1];
}

V g;

V dfs(int x, int y) {
	V a;
	if(x > y) {
		a.re(1); a[0] = 1;
		return a;
	}
	if(x == y) {
		a.re(2); a[0] = 1 - p[x]; a[1] = p[x];
		return a;
	}
	int m = x + y >> 1;
	return dfs(x, m) * dfs(m + 1, y);
}

ll a[N];

void zy(V &a, int b) {
	ff(i, b, a.si) a[i - b] = a[i];
	a.re(a.si - b);
}

void yy(V &a, int b) {
	int sa = a.si;
	a.re(sa + b);
	fd(i, sa - 1, 0) a[i + b] = a[i], a[i] = 0;
}

void qz(V &a, int b) {
	if(a.si > b + 1) a.re(b + 1);
}

V fz(int i, int x, int y, V f, V g, int w) {
	V b; b.re(1); b[0] = 0;
	if(x > y) return b;
	
	int nw = max(0, x - (y - x));
	if(nw > w) zy(f, nw - w);
	qz(f, 2 * (y - x)); qz(g, (y - x));
	
	if(x == y) {
		if(x < l) {
			a[x] = 0;
		} else {
			a[x] = (f[0] + 1) * ksm(1 - calc(x), mo - 2) % mo;
		}
		b.re(1); b[0] = a[x];
		return b;
	}
	
	int m = x + y >> 1;
	
	V nf = f * t2[i1], ng = g * t2[i1];
	b = fz(i0, x, m, nf, ng, nw);
	
	nf = f * t1[i0], ng = g * t1[i0];
	qz(ng, y - x);
	V d = b * ng; yy(d, x - nw);
	nf = nf + d;
	V c = fz(i1, m + 1, y, nf, ng, nw);
	
	yy(c, m - x + 1);
	return b + c;
}

int main() {
	freopen("friends.in", "r", stdin);
	freopen("friends.out", "w", stdout);
	ntt :: build();
	Init();
	dg(1, 1, n);
	V g;
	if(l == n) g = dfs(1, 1); else {
		g = dfs(2, n - l);
		g.re(n + 1);
		g = qni(g);
	}
	V f; f.re(n + 1); fo(i, 0, n) f[i] = 0;
	fz(1, 1, n, f, g, 0);
	pp("%lld
", (a[n] + mo) % mo);
}
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/coldchair/p/12483517.html