HDFS的体系结构：
HDFS采用了主从（Master/Slave)结构模型，一个HDFS集群是由一个NameNode和若干个DataNode组成的。其中NameNode作为主服务器，管理文件系统的命名空间和客户端对文件的访问操作：集群中的DataNode管理存储的数据。HDFS允许用户以文件的形式存储数据。从内部来看，文件被分成若干个数据块，而且这若干个数据块存放在一组DataNode上，NameNode执行文件系统的命名空间操作，比如打开、关闭、敢命名文件或目录等，它也负责数据块到具体DataNode的映射。DataNode负责处理文件系统客户端的文件读写请求，并在NameNode的统一调度下进行数据块的创建、删除和复制工作。NameNode和DataNode都被设计成可以在普通商用计算机上运行。这些计算机通常运行的是GNU/Lirmx操作系统。HDFS采用Java语言开发，因此任何支持Java的机器都可以部署NameNode和DataNode—个典型的部署场嚴是集群中的一台机器运行一个NameNode实例，其他机器分别运行一个DataNode实例。当然，并不排除一台机器运行多个DataNode实例的情况。集群中单一的NameNode的设计则大大简化了系统的架构。NameNode是所有HDFS元数据的管理者，用户数据永远不会经过NameNode。
JournalNode和Secondary NameNode
In order to deploy an HA cluster, you should prepare the following:
NameNode machines - the machines on which you run the Active and Standby NameNodes should have equivalent hardware to each other, and equivalent hardware to what would be used in a non-HA cluster. JournalNode machines - the machines on which you run the JournalNodes. The JournalNode daemon is relatively lightweight, so these daemons may reasonably be collocated on machines with other Hadoop daemons, for example NameNodes, the JobTracker, or the YARN ResourceManager. Note: There must be at least 3 JournalNode daemons, since edit log modifications must be written to a majority of JNs. This will allow the system to tolerate the failure of a single machine. You may also run more than 3 JournalNodes, but in order to actually increase the number of failures the system can tolerate, you should run an odd number of JNs, (i.e. 3, 5, 7, etc.). Note that when running with N JournalNodes, the system can tolerate at most (N - 1) / 2 failures and continue to function normally. Note that, in an HA cluster, the Standby NameNode also performs checkpoints of the namespace state, and thus it is not necessary to run a Secondary NameNode, CheckpointNode, or BackupNode in an HA cluster. In fact, to do so would be an error. This also allows one who is reconfiguring a non-HA-enabled HDFS cluster to be HA-enabled to reuse the hardware which they had previously dedicated to the Secondary NameNode.
简单来说，就是HA集群不需要Secondary NameNode，而只需要JournalNode