ActionDispatch::Flash < Objec
pass temporary primitive-types (String, Array, Hash) between actions.
Anything you place in the flash will be exposed to the very next action and then cleared out.
用于增加通知，警告信息，例子：
def create
flash[:notice] = "Post successfully created"
redirect_to @post
end
模块ActionController::Flash里面有一个实例私有方法：
redirect_to(options = {}, response_status_and_flash = {})可以把flash信息做参数返回到下一个action.
例子：redirect_to(store_index_path, notice: "...")
ActionDispatch::Flash::FlashHash < Object 有20多个方法：
如alert, notice, 可以用chain方式写法：flash.notice = "..."
keep(k = nil):
Keeps either the entire current flash or a specific flash entry available for the next action:
flash.keep # keeps the entire flash flash.keep(:notice) # keeps only the "notice" entry, the rest of the flash is discardedSets a flash that will not be available to the next action, only to the current.
flash.now[:message] = "Hello current action"ModuleActiveSupport::Rescuable::ClassMethods
用在对类的错误的营救：
rescue_from(*klasses, with: nil, &block)
Rescue exceptions raised in controller actions.
参数1:a series of exception classes or class names,
参数2: and a trailing :with option with the name of a method or a Proc object to be called to handle them. Alternatively a block can be given.
class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
rescue_from User::NotAuthorized, with: :deny_access # self defined exception
rescue_from ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid, with: :show_errors
rescue_from 'MyAppError::Base' do |exception|
render xml: exception, status: 500
end
private
def deny_access
...
end
def show_errors(exception)
exception.record.new_record? ? ...
end
endRails 使用 ActiveSupport::Logger 类把信息写入日志。
在log文件内隐藏着development.log, test.log.
guide指导：http://guides.rubyonrails.org/debugging_rails_applications.html#the-logger
每一个控制器都有logger属性，可以在其中的action中增加logger.XXX()方法。
logger.debug "New article: #{@article.attributes.inspect}"
Sending Messages
To write in the current log use the logger.(debug|info|warn|error|fatal) from within a controller, model or mailer。控制器，模块，邮件模块，都可以添加logger.xxx()方法。