爬虫

爬虫：编写程序向网站发起请求，获取资源后分析并提取有用数据

requests

get请求

# 1、无参数实例
  
import requests
  
ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
  
print ret.url
print ret.text
  
  
  
# 2、有参数实例
  
import requests
  
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
  
print ret.url
print ret.text
View Code

post请求

# 1、基本POST实例
  
import requests
  
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
  
print ret.text
  
  
# 2、发送请求头和数据实例
  
import requests
import json
  
url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
  

ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)   或
ret = requests.post(url, json=payload, headers=headers)    
  
print ret.text
print ret.cookies

其它请求

requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)
requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)
requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)
requests.head(url, **kwargs)
requests.delete(url, **kwargs)
requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)
requests.options(url, **kwargs)
  
# 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建
requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)
View Code

参数

def param_method_url():
    # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
    # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
    pass


def param_param():
    # - 可以是字典
    # - 可以是字符串
    # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内）

    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")

    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))

    # 错误
    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
    pass


def param_data():
    # 可以是字典
    # 可以是字符串
    # 可以是字节
    # 可以是文件对象

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
    # )

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
    # )

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
    # )
    pass


def param_json():
    # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...)
    # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})


def param_headers():
    # 发送请求头到服务器端
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},
                     headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
                     )


def param_cookies():
    # 发送Cookie到服务器端
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
                     cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},
                     )
    # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装）
    from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
    from http.cookiejar import Cookie

    obj = CookieJar()
    obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,
                          discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,
                          port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)
                   )
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
                     cookies=obj)

                     
def param_proxies():
    #代理，如果封了ip就可以用代理

    # proxies = {
    # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
    # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
    # }

    # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}

    # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)
    # print(ret.headers)


    # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
    #
    # proxyDict = {
    # 'http': '77.75.105.165',
    # 'https': '77.75.105.165'
    # }
    # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')
    #
    # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
    # print(r.text)

    pass


def param_files():
    # 发送文件
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件，定制文件名
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件，定制文件名
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件，定制文件名
    # file_dict = {
    #     'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    #                  url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    #                  files=file_dict)

    pass


def param_auth():
    from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth

    ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))
    print(ret.text)

    # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',
    # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))
    # ret.encoding = 'gbk'
    # print(ret.text)

    # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
    # print(ret)
    #


def param_timeout():
    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)
    # print(ret)

    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))
    # print(ret)
    pass


def param_allow_redirects():
    ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)
    print(ret.text)




def param_stream():
    ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)
    print(ret.content)
    ret.close()

    # from contextlib import closing
    # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:
    # # 在此处理响应。
    # for i in r.iter_content():
    # print(i)


def requests_session():
    import requests

    session = requests.Session()

    ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie

    i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")

    ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
    i2 = session.post(
        url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
        data={
            'phone': "8615131255089",
            'password': "xxxxxx",
            'oneMonth': ""
        }
    )

    i3 = session.post(
        url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",
    )
    print(i3.text)
View Code

BeautifulSoup

BeautifulSoup是一个模块，该模块用于接收一个HTML或XML字符串，然后将其进行格式化，之后则可以使用他提供的方法进行快速查找指定元素，从而使得在HTML或XML中查找指定元素变得简单

安装：pip3 install beautifulsoup4

使用：

 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
bs4的用处：
　　-解析爬虫数据
　　-解析XHML数据
　　-用户提交数据，进行格式校验（KindEditor、UEditor）
1 soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "html.parser")
2 # 找到第一个a标签
3 tag1 = soup.find(name='a')
4 # 找到所有的a标签
5 tag2 = soup.find_all(name='a')
6 # 找到id＝link2的标签
7 tag3 = soup.select(attes={id='link2')

实例

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

# 1、下载页面
ret=requests.get(
    url="https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/",
    )

# 字节内容
# print(ret.content)

# 该网页的字节编码
# print(ret.apparent_encoding)
ret.encoding=ret.apparent_encoding
# 将byte转化为字符串格式
# print(ret.text)

# 2、解析
# 获取指定内容
soup=BeautifulSoup(ret.text,"html.parser")  #解析器

div=soup.find(name="div",id="auto-channel-lazyload-article")

li_list=div.find_all(name="li")
# print(li_list)
for li in li_list:
    h3=li.find(name="h3")
    if not h3:
        continue

    a=li.find(name="a")
    href=(a.get("href")).strip("//")

    p=li.find(name="p")

    img=li.find(name="img")
    src=img.get("src")

    file_name=src.split("__")[1]
    # 获取图片
    img_list=requests.get(url="https:%s"%src)
    print(img_list)
    # 写入文件
    with open("img/%s"%file_name,"wb") as f:
        f.write(img_list.content)


    # print(h3.text)
    # print(href)
    # print(p.text)
汽车之家新闻
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

# 获取未授权的cookies
ret1=requests.get(
    url="https://dig.chouti.com/",
    headers={
        "User-Agent":'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36'
    }
    )
ret1_cookie=ret1.cookies.get_dict()


# 登录
ret=requests.post(
    url='https://dig.chouti.com/login',
    data={
        "phone":'xx',
        "password":"xx",
        "oneMonth":1
    },
    headers={
        "User-Agent":'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36'
    },
    cookies=ret1_cookie
)

# 获取每页id
for id in range(1,2):

    ret2=requests.get(
        url="https://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/%s"%id,
        headers={
            "User-Agent": 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36'
        },
        cookies=ret1_cookie

    )

    # print(ret2.text)

    soup=BeautifulSoup(ret2.text,"html.parser")

    div=soup.find(name="div",attrs={"class":"content-list","id":"content-list"})

    items=div.find_all(name="div",attrs={"class":"item"})


    for i in items:
        par2=i.find(name="div",attrs={"class":"part2"})
        nid=par2.get("share-linkid")

        # 点赞
        ret3=requests.post(
            url="https://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=%s"%nid,
            headers={
            "User-Agent": 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36'
         },
            cookies=ret1_cookie
        )
        print(ret3.text)
抽屉登录点赞

 模拟微信登录并获取信息

1、显示二维码 

　　url+时间戳*1000，并保存xuuid（伪uuid）

　　长轮询：浏览器向微信服务器发送一个请求，服务器hold次连接（有一点时间限制），在次期间如果用户扫码则立即响应  

　　轮询：浏览器短时间内，一直向服务器发送请求，

2、扫码   

　  返回201和img，

3、确认登录

　　返回200和url ，在此url+“xxx”，再次发送请求，获取登录用户凭证相关的数据（XHML）， 将凭证数据和cookies保存

4、用户信息初始化

　　发post请求，发送用户凭证信息  json数据

5、获取 头像

　　　　- 图片防盗链
　　　　　　- Referer
　　　　　　- cookie

5、获取联系人信息

　　发请求带上cookies

示例：

　　

　　

【推广】 免费学中医，健康全家人
原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/caochao-/p/9004377.html