8.3.7

如何找出两张表之间的关系

分析步骤:
#1、先站在左表的角度去找
是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录,如果是,则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段(通常是id)

#2、再站在右表的角度去找
是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录,如果是,则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段(通常是id)

#3、总结:
#多对一:
如果只有步骤1成立,则是左表多对一右表
如果只有步骤2成立,则是右表多对一左表

#多对多
如果步骤1和2同时成立,则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一,即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系

#一对一:
如果1和2都不成立,而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录,反之亦然。这种情况很简单,就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上,将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可

建立表之间的关系

#一对多或称为多对一
三张表:出版社,作者信息,书

一对多(或多对一):一个出版社可以出版多本书

关联方式:foreign key
两张表之间的关系
1. 多对一
   出版社   书(press_id int,foreign key (preess_id) references press(id))
2. 多对多
3. 一对一

例子
#一对多或称为多对一
三张表:出版社,作者信息,书
一对多(或多对一):一个出版社可以出版多本书
关联方式:foreign key
=====================多对一=====================
create table press(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);

create table book(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
press_id int not null,
foreign key(press_id) references press(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade
);
insert into press(name) values
('机械工业出版社'),
('人民出版社'),
('南京出版社')
;

insert into book(name,press_id) values
('计算机基础',1),
('python入门',2),
('mysql',2),
('机械原理',3),
('十万个为什么',2),
('社会科学',3)
;

    # 操作过程
    mysql> create table press(
        -> id int primary key auto_increment,
        -> name varchar(20)
        -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

    mysql> 
    mysql> create table book(
        -> id int primary key auto_increment,
        -> name varchar(20),
        -> press_id int not null,
        -> foreign key(press_id) references press(id)
        -> on delete cascade
        -> on update cascade
        -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

    mysql> insert into press(name) values
        -> ('机械工业出版社'),
        -> ('人民出版社'),
        -> ('南京出版社')
        -> ;
    Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

    mysql> 
    mysql> insert into book(name,press_id) values
        -> ('计算机基础',1),
        -> ('python入门',2),
        -> ('mysql',2),
        -> ('机械原理',3),
        -> ('十万个为什么',2),
        -> ('社会科学',3)
        -> ;
    Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    Records: 6  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

    mysql> desc press;
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id    | int(11)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | name  | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> select * from book;
    +----+--------------------+----------+
    | id | name               | press_id |
    +----+--------------------+----------+
    |  1 | 计算机基础         |        1 |
    |  2 | python入门         |        2 |
    |  3 | mysql              |        2 |
    |  4 | 机械原理           |        3 |
    |  5 | 十万个为什么       |        2 |
    |  6 | 社会科学           |        3 |
    +----+--------------------+----------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> select * from press;
    +----+-----------------------+
    | id | name                  |
    +----+-----------------------+
    |  1 | 机械工业出版社        |
    |  2 | 人民出版社            |
    |  3 | 南京出版社            |
    +----+-----------------------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

多对多关系

#多对多
三张表 : 出版社,作者信息,书
多对多 : 一个作者可以写多本书,一本书也可以有多个作者,双向的一对多,即多对多
关联方式: foreign key+一张新的表

cmz作者的写的书
    计算机基础
    python入门
    mysql
    机械原理
    十万个为什么
    社会科学
leco作者的写的书
    机械原理
    十万个为什么
    社会科学

loocha作者的写的书
    十万个为什么
    社会科学
odes作者的写的书
    社会科学
作者和书的对应关系(多对多)

演示例子

create table book(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
press_id int not null,
foreign key(press_id) references press(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade
);


create table author(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);


#这张表就存放作者表与书表的关系,即查询二者的关系查这表就可以了
create table author2book(
    id int not null unique auto_increment,
    author_id int not null,
    book_id int not null,
    constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade,
    constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade,
    primary key(author_id,book_id)
);
insert into author(name) values('cmz'),('leco'),('loocha'),('odes');
insert into book(name,press_id) values
('计算机基础',1),
('python入门',2),
('mysql',2),
('机械原理',3),
('十万个为什么',2),
('社会科学',3)
;
# 插入作者的和对应的书也就是插入到author2book表中
cmz作者的写的书
    计算机基础
    python入门
    mysql
    机械原理
    十万个为什么
    社会科学
leco作者的写的书
    机械原理
    十万个为什么
    社会科学

loocha作者的写的书
    十万个为什么
    社会科学
odes作者的写的书
    社会科学
# 插入
insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values
(1,1),
(1,2),
(1,3),
(1,4),
(1,5),
(2,4),
(2,5),
(2,6),
(3,5),
(3,6),
(4,6);
解释:
括号内的左侧表示作者的id,右侧表示书的id.
(4,6) 表示,odes该作者对应的社会科学书籍
"""
mysql> select * from author;
+----+--------+
| id | name   |
+----+--------+
|  1 | cmz    |
|  2 | leco   |
|  3 | loocha |
|  4 | odes   |
+----+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from book;
+----+--------------------+----------+
| id | name               | press_id |
+----+--------------------+----------+
|  1 | 计算机基础         |        1 |
|  2 | python入门         |        2 |
|  3 | mysql              |        2 |
|  4 | 机械原理           |        3 |
|  5 | 十万个为什么       |        2 |
|  6 | 社会科学           |        3 |
+----+--------------------+----------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

"""
    # 操作过程
    mysql> create table author(
        -> id int primary key auto_increment,
        -> name varchar(20)
        -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

    mysql> create table author2book(
        -> id int not null unique auto_increment,
        -> author_id int not null,
        -> book_id int not null,
        -> constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id)
        -> on delete cascade
        -> on update cascade,
        -> constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id)
        -> on delete cascade
        -> on update cascade,
        -> primary key(author_id,book_id)
        -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
    # 插入作者
    mysql> show tables;
    +---------------+
    | Tables_in_db2 |
    +---------------+
    | author        |
    | author2book   |
    | book          |
    | dep           |
    | emp           |
    | press         |
    | student       |
    | t1            |
    +---------------+
    8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> select * from author;
    Empty set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> insert into author(name) values('cmz'),('leco'),('loocha'),('odes');
    Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

    mysql> select * from author;
    +----+--------+
    | id | name   |
    +----+--------+
    |  1 | cmz    |
    |  2 | leco   |
    |  3 | loocha |
    |  4 | odes   |
    +----+--------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> desc author2book;
    +-----------+---------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field     | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
    +-----------+---------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id        | int(11) | NO   | UNI | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | author_id | int(11) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |                |
    | book_id   | int(11) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |                |
    +-----------+---------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    mysql> select * from author2book;
    +----+-----------+---------+
    | id | author_id | book_id |
    +----+-----------+---------+
    |  1 |         1 |       1 |
    |  2 |         1 |       2 |
    |  3 |         1 |       3 |
    |  4 |         1 |       4 |
    |  5 |         1 |       5 |
    |  6 |         2 |       4 |
    |  7 |         2 |       5 |
    |  8 |         2 |       6 |
    |  9 |         3 |       5 |
    | 10 |         3 |       6 |
    | 11 |         4 |       6 |
    +----+-----------+---------+
    11 rows in set (0.00 sec)

一对一

#一对一
两张表:学生表和客户表

一对一:一个学生是一个客户,一个客户有可能变成一个学校,即一对一的关系

关联方式:foreign key+unique

#一定是student来foreign key表customer,这样就保证了:
#1 学生一定是一个客户,
#2 客户不一定是学生,但有可能成为一个学生


# 建立客户比表,让学生表关联客户表
create table customer(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
qq varchar(10) not null,
phone char(16) not null
);


create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
class_name varchar(20) not null,
customer_id int unique, #该字段一定要是唯一的
foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外键的字段一定要保证unique
on delete cascade
on update cascade
);


#增加客户
insert into customer(name,qq,phone) values
('张三','31811231',13811341220),
('李四','123123123',15213146809),
('网五','283818181',1867141331),
('赵刘','283818181',1851143312),
('奥简爱','888818181',1861243314),
('凯文','112312312',18811431230)
;


#增加学生
/*insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values
('3班',3),
('19期',4),
('19期',5);*/
insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values(
'3期',3); insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values('19期',4); insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values('18期',5);

# 操作过程 mysql
> use db5; Database changed mysql> create table customer( -> id int primary key auto_increment, -> name varchar(20) not null, -> qq varchar(10) not null, -> phone char(16) not null -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec) mysql> create table student( -> id int primary key auto_increment, -> class_name varchar(20) not null, -> customer_id int unique, #该字段一定要是唯一的 -> foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外键的字段一定要保证unique -> on delete cascade -> on update cascade -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) mysql> show tables; +---------------+ | Tables_in_db5 | +---------------+ | customer | | student | +---------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into customer(name,qq,phone) values -> ('张三','31811231',13811341220), -> ('李四','123123123',15213146809), -> ('网五','283818181',1867141331), -> ('赵刘','283818181',1851143312), -> ('奥简爱','888818181',1861243314), -> ('凯文','112312312',18811431230) -> ; Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 6 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from customer; +----+-----------+-----------+-------------+ | id | name | qq | phone | +----+-----------+-----------+-------------+ | 1 | 张三 | 31811231 | 13811341220 | | 2 | 李四 | 123123123 | 15213146809 | | 3 | 网五 | 283818181 | 1867141331 | | 4 | 赵刘 | 283818181 | 1851143312 | | 5 | 奥简爱 | 888818181 | 1861243314 | | 6 | 凯文 | 112312312 | 18811431230 | +----+-----------+-----------+-------------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec mysql> insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values('3期',3); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values('3期',3); # 不能在插入啦,一一对应 ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '3' for key 'customer_id' mysql> insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values('19期',4); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values('18期',5); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from student; +----+------------+-------------+ | id | class_name | customer_id | +----+------------+-------------+ | 1 | 3期 | 3 | | 3 | 19期 | 4 | | 4 | 18期 | 5 | +----+------------+-------------+ 3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/caimengzhi/p/8555203.html