五种单例模式

1 使用模块

class Singleton(object):
    def foo(self):
        pass
singleton = Singleton()

将上面的代码保存在文件 mysingleton.py 中,要使用时,直接在其他文件中导入此文件中的对象,这个对象即是单例模式的对象

2 使用装饰器

def Singleton(cls):
    _instance = {}

    def _singleton(*args, **kargs):
        if cls not in _instance:
            _instance[cls] = cls(*args, **kargs)
        return _instance[cls]

    return _singleton


@Singleton
class A(object):
    a = 1

    def __init__(self, x=0):
        self.x = x


a1 = A(2)
a2 = A(3)

3 使用类

class Singleton(object):

    def __init__(self):
        pass

    @classmethod
    def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
            Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs)
        return Singleton._instance

一般情况,大家以为这样就完成了单例模式,但是这样当使用多线程时会存在问题

基于__new__方法实现(推荐使用,方便)

通过上面例子,我们可以知道,当我们实现单例时,为了保证线程安全需要在内部加入锁

我们知道,当我们实例化一个对象时,是先执行了类的__new__方法(我们没写时,默认调用object.__new__),实例化对象;然后再执行类的__init__方法,对这个对象进行初始化,所有我们可以基于这个,实现单例模式

import threading
class Singleton(object):
    _instance_lock = threading.Lock()

    def __init__(self):
        pass


    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
            with Singleton._instance_lock:
                if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
                    Singleton._instance = object.__new__(cls)  
        return Singleton._instance

obj1 = Singleton()
obj2 = Singleton()
print(obj1,obj2)

def task(arg):
    obj = Singleton()
    print(obj)

for i in range(10):
    t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,])
    t.start()

.基于metaclass方式实现

class SingletonType(type):
    def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs):
        super(SingletonType,self).__init__(*args,**kwargs)

    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs): # 这里的cls,即Foo类
        print('cls',cls)
        obj = cls.__new__(cls,*args, **kwargs)
        cls.__init__(obj,*args, **kwargs) # Foo.__init__(obj)
        return obj

class Foo(metaclass=SingletonType): # 指定创建Foo的type为SingletonType
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name = name
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        return object.__new__(cls)

obj = Foo('xx')
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/asdaa/p/11420690.html