web框架之--Tornado

概述

Tornado 是 FriendFeed 使用的可扩展的非阻塞式 web 服务器及其相关工具的开源版本。这个 Web 框架看起来有些像web.py 或者 Google 的 webapp，不过为了能有效利用非阻塞式服务器环境，这个 Web 框架还包含了一些相关的有用工具和优化。

Tornado 和现在的主流 Web 服务器框架（包括大多数 Python 的框架）有着明显的区别：它是非阻塞式服务器，而且速度相当快。得利于其非阻塞的方式和对 epoll 的运用，Tornado 每秒可以处理数以千计的连接，这意味着对于实时 Web 服务来说，Tornado 是一个理想的 Web 框架。我们开发这个 Web 服务器的主要目的就是为了处理 FriendFeed 的实时功能 ——在 FriendFeed 的应用里每一个活动用户都会保持着一个服务器连接。（关于如何扩容服务器，以处理数以千计的客户端的连接的问题，请参阅 C10K problem。）

下载安装：

pip3 install tornado
 
源码安装
https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/t/tornado/tornado-4.3.tar.gz

mac:
brew install tornado

框架使用

一、快速上手

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
   
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
   
   
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.write("Hello, world")
   
application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/index", MainHandler),
])
   
   
if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(8888)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

执行过程：

第一步：执行脚本，监听 8888 端口
第二步：浏览器客户端访问 /index --> http://127.0.0.1:8888/index
第三步：服务器接受请求，并交由对应的类处理该请求
第四步：类接受到请求之后，根据请求方式（post / get / delete ...）的不同调用并执行相应的方法
第五步：方法返回值的字符串内容发送浏览器

异步非阻塞示例:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
from tornado import httpclient
from tornado.web import asynchronous
from tornado import gen

import uimodules as md
import uimethods as mt

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
        @asynchronous
        @gen.coroutine
        def get(self):
            print 'start get '
            http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient()
            http.fetch("http://127.0.0.1:8008/post/", self.callback)
            self.write('end')

        def callback(self, response):
            print response.body

settings = {
    'template_path': 'template',
    'static_path': 'static',
    'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
    'ui_methods': mt,
    'ui_modules': md,
}

application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(8009)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

二、路由系统

路由系统其实就是 url 和类的对应关系，这里不同于其他框架，其他很多框架均是 url 对应函数，Tornado中每个url对应的是一个类。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
   
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
   
   
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.write("Hello, world")
   
class StoryHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self, story_id):
        self.write("You requested the story " + story_id)
   
class BuyHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.write("buy.wupeiqi.com/index")
   
application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/index", MainHandler),
    (r"/story/([0-9]+)", StoryHandler),
])
   
application.add_handlers('buy.wupeiqi.com$', [
    (r'/index',BuyHandler),
])
   
if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(80)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

Tornado中原生支持二级域名的路由，如：

三、模板引擎

Tornao中的模板语言和django中类似，模板引擎将模板文件载入内存，然后将数据嵌入其中，最终获取到一个完整的字符串，再将字符串返回给请求者。

Tornado 的模板支持“控制语句”和“表达语句”，控制语句是使用 {% 和 %} 包起来的例如 {% if len(items) > 2 %}。表达语句是使用 {{ 和 }} 包起来的，例如 {{ items[0] }}。

控制语句和对应的 Python 语句的格式基本完全相同。我们支持 if、for、while 和 try，这些语句逻辑结束的位置需要用 {% end %} 做标记。还通过 extends 和 block 语句实现了模板继承。这些在 template 模块的代码文档中有着详细的描述。

注：在使用模板前需要在setting中设置模板路径："template_path" : "tpl"

1、基本使用

app.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
# app.py
  
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
  
  
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.render("index.html", list_info = [11,22,33])
  
application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/index", MainHandler),
])
  
  
if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(8888)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
    <title>老男孩</title>
    <link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body>

    <div>
        <ul>
            {% for item in list_info %}
                <li>{{item}}</li>
            {% end %}
        </ul>
    </div>
    
    <script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script>
    
</body>
</html>

其他方法：

在模板中默认提供了一些函数、字段、类以供模板使用：

escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名
xhtml_escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名
url_escape: tornado.escape.url_escape 的別名
json_encode: tornado.escape.json_encode 的別名
squeeze: tornado.escape.squeeze 的別名
linkify: tornado.escape.linkify 的別名
datetime: Python 的 datetime 模组
handler: 当前的 RequestHandler 对象
request: handler.request 的別名
current_user: handler.current_user 的別名
locale: handler.locale 的別名
_: handler.locale.translate 的別名
static_url: for handler.static_url 的別名
xsrf_form_html: handler.xsrf_form_html 的別名

其他方法

2、母版

 1 <!DOCTYPE html>
 2 <html>
 3 <head>
 4     <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
 5     <title>老男孩</title>
 6     <link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
 7     {% block CSS %}{% end %}
 8 </head>
 9 <body>
10 
11     <div class="pg-header">
12 
13     </div>
14     
15     {% block RenderBody %}{% end %}
16    
17     <script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script>
18     
19     {% block JavaScript %}{% end %}
20 </body>
21 </html>
22 
23 layout.html

layout.html

 1 {% extends 'layout.html'%}
 2 {% block CSS %}
 3     <link href="{{static_url("css/index.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
 4 {% end %}
 5 
 6 {% block RenderBody %}
 7     <h1>Index</h1>
 8 
 9     <ul>
10     {%  for item in li %}
11         <li>{{item}}</li>
12     {% end %}
13     </ul>
14 
15 {% end %}
16 
17 {% block JavaScript %}
18     
19 {% end %}
20 
21 index.html

index.html

3、导入

1 <div>
2     <ul>
3         <li>1024</li>
4         <li>42区</li>
5     </ul>
6 </div>
7 
8 header.html

header.html

 1 <!DOCTYPE html>
 2 <html>
 3 <head>
 4     <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
 5     <title>老男孩</title>
 6     <link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
 7 </head>
 8 <body>
 9 
10     <div class="pg-header">
11         {% include 'header.html' %}
12     </div>
13     
14     <script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script>
15     
16 </body>
17 </html>

indexhtml

4、自定义UIMethod以UIModule

a. 定义

# uimethods.py
 
def tab(self):
    return 'UIMethod'

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

# uimodules.py
from tornado.web import UIModule
from tornado import escape

class custom(UIModule):

    def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
        return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>wupeiqi</h1>')
        #return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>wupeiqi</h1>')

b. 注册

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
from tornado.escape import linkify
import uimodules as md
import uimethods as mt

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.render('index.html')

settings = {
    'template_path': 'template',
    'static_path': 'static',
    'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
    'ui_methods': mt,
    'ui_modules': md,
}

application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(8009)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

c. 使用

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
    <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body>
    <h1>hello</h1>
    {% module custom(123) %}
    {{ tab() }}
</body>

四、静态文件

对于静态文件，可以配置静态文件的目录和前段使用时的前缀，并且Tornaodo还支持静态文件缓存。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

# app.py
 
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
 
 
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.render('home/index.html')
 
settings = {
    'template_path': 'template',
    'static_path': 'static',
    'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
}
 
application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)
 
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(80)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

<!--index.html-->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
    <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body>
    <h1>hello</h1>
</body>
</html>

静态文件缓存的实现

def get_content_version(cls, abspath):
        """Returns a version string for the resource at the given path.

        This class method may be overridden by subclasses.  The
        default implementation is a hash of the file's contents.

        .. versionadded:: 3.1
        """
        data = cls.get_content(abspath)
        hasher = hashlib.md5()
        if isinstance(data, bytes):
            hasher.update(data)
        else:
            for chunk in data:
                hasher.update(chunk)
        return hasher.hexdigest()

五、cookie

Tornado中可以对cookie进行操作，并且还可以对cookie进行签名以放置伪造。

1、基本操作

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        if not self.get_cookie("mycookie"):
            self.set_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue")
            self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!")
        else:
            self.write("Your cookie was set!")

2、加密cookie（签名）

Cookie 很容易被恶意的客户端伪造。加入你想在 cookie 中保存当前登陆用户的 id 之类的信息，你需要对 cookie 作签名以防止伪造。Tornado 通过 set_secure_cookie 和 get_secure_cookie 方法直接支持了这种功能。要使用这些方法，你需要在创建应用时提供一个密钥，名字为 cookie_secret。你可以把它作为一个关键词参数传入应用的设置中：

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        if not self.get_secure_cookie("mycookie"):
            self.set_secure_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue")
            self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!")
        else:
            self.write("Your cookie was set!")
             
application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/", MainHandler),
], cookie_secret="61oETzKXQAGaYdkL5gEmGeJJFuYh7EQnp2XdTP1o/Vo=")

内部算法：

  1 def _create_signature_v1(secret, *parts):
  2     hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha1)
  3     for part in parts:
  4         hash.update(utf8(part))
  5     return utf8(hash.hexdigest())
  6 
  7 # 加密
  8 def _create_signature_v2(secret, s):
  9     hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha256)
 10     hash.update(utf8(s))
 11     return utf8(hash.hexdigest())
 12 
 13 def create_signed_value(secret, name, value, version=None, clock=None,
 14                         key_version=None):
 15     if version is None:
 16         version = DEFAULT_SIGNED_VALUE_VERSION
 17     if clock is None:
 18         clock = time.time
 19 
 20     timestamp = utf8(str(int(clock())))
 21     value = base64.b64encode(utf8(value))
 22     if version == 1:
 23         signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, value, timestamp)
 24         value = b"|".join([value, timestamp, signature])
 25         return value
 26     elif version == 2:
 27         # The v2 format consists of a version number and a series of
 28         # length-prefixed fields "%d:%s", the last of which is a
 29         # signature, all separated by pipes.  All numbers are in
 30         # decimal format with no leading zeros.  The signature is an
 31         # HMAC-SHA256 of the whole string up to that point, including
 32         # the final pipe.
 33         #
 34         # The fields are:
 35         # - format version (i.e. 2; no length prefix)
 36         # - key version (integer, default is 0)
 37         # - timestamp (integer seconds since epoch)
 38         # - name (not encoded; assumed to be ~alphanumeric)
 39         # - value (base64-encoded)
 40         # - signature (hex-encoded; no length prefix)
 41         def format_field(s):
 42             return utf8("%d:" % len(s)) + utf8(s)
 43         to_sign = b"|".join([
 44             b"2",
 45             format_field(str(key_version or 0)),
 46             format_field(timestamp),
 47             format_field(name),
 48             format_field(value),
 49             b''])
 50 
 51         if isinstance(secret, dict):
 52             assert key_version is not None, 'Key version must be set when sign key dict is used'
 53             assert version >= 2, 'Version must be at least 2 for key version support'
 54             secret = secret[key_version]
 55 
 56         signature = _create_signature_v2(secret, to_sign)
 57         return to_sign + signature
 58     else:
 59         raise ValueError("Unsupported version %d" % version)
 60 
 61 # 解密
 62 def _decode_signed_value_v1(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):
 63     parts = utf8(value).split(b"|")
 64     if len(parts) != 3:
 65         return None
 66     signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, parts[0], parts[1])
 67     if not _time_independent_equals(parts[2], signature):
 68         gen_log.warning("Invalid cookie signature %r", value)
 69         return None
 70     timestamp = int(parts[1])
 71     if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400:
 72         gen_log.warning("Expired cookie %r", value)
 73         return None
 74     if timestamp > clock() + 31 * 86400:
 75         # _cookie_signature does not hash a delimiter between the
 76         # parts of the cookie, so an attacker could transfer trailing
 77         # digits from the payload to the timestamp without altering the
 78         # signature.  For backwards compatibility, sanity-check timestamp
 79         # here instead of modifying _cookie_signature.
 80         gen_log.warning("Cookie timestamp in future; possible tampering %r",
 81                         value)
 82         return None
 83     if parts[1].startswith(b"0"):
 84         gen_log.warning("Tampered cookie %r", value)
 85         return None
 86     try:
 87         return base64.b64decode(parts[0])
 88     except Exception:
 89         return None
 90 
 91 
 92 def _decode_fields_v2(value):
 93     def _consume_field(s):
 94         length, _, rest = s.partition(b':')
 95         n = int(length)
 96         field_value = rest[:n]
 97         # In python 3, indexing bytes returns small integers; we must
 98         # use a slice to get a byte string as in python 2.
 99         if rest[n:n + 1] != b'|':
100             raise ValueError("malformed v2 signed value field")
101         rest = rest[n + 1:]
102         return field_value, rest
103 
104     rest = value[2:]  # remove version number
105     key_version, rest = _consume_field(rest)
106     timestamp, rest = _consume_field(rest)
107     name_field, rest = _consume_field(rest)
108     value_field, passed_sig = _consume_field(rest)
109     return int(key_version), timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig
110 
111 
112 def _decode_signed_value_v2(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):
113     try:
114         key_version, timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig = _decode_fields_v2(value)
115     except ValueError:
116         return None
117     signed_string = value[:-len(passed_sig)]
118 
119     if isinstance(secret, dict):
120         try:
121             secret = secret[key_version]
122         except KeyError:
123             return None
124 
125     expected_sig = _create_signature_v2(secret, signed_string)
126     if not _time_independent_equals(passed_sig, expected_sig):
127         return None
128     if name_field != utf8(name):
129         return None
130     timestamp = int(timestamp)
131     if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400:
132         # The signature has expired.
133         return None
134     try:
135         return base64.b64decode(value_field)
136     except Exception:
137         return None
138 
139 
140 def get_signature_key_version(value):
141     value = utf8(value)
142     version = _get_version(value)
143     if version < 2:
144         return None
145     try:
146         key_version, _, _, _, _ = _decode_fields_v2(value)
147     except ValueError:
148         return None
149 
150     return key_version

内部算法

签名Cookie的本质是：

写cookie过程：

将值进行base64加密

对除值以外的内容进行签名，哈希算法（无法逆向解析）

拼接签名 + 加密值

读cookie过程：

读取签名 + 加密值

对签名进行验证

base64解密，获取值内容

注：许多API验证机制和安全cookie的实现机制相同。

基于Cookie实现用户验证-Demo：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
 
 
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
 
    def get(self):
        login_user = self.get_secure_cookie("login_user", None)
        if login_user:
            self.write(login_user)
        else:
            self.redirect('/login')
 
 
class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.current_user()
 
        self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''})
 
    def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
 
        username = self.get_argument('name')
        password = self.get_argument('pwd')
        if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123':
            self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', '武沛齐')
            self.redirect('/')
        else:
            self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用户名或密码错误'})
 
settings = {
    'template_path': 'template',
    'static_path': 'static',
    'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
    'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh'
}
 
application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/index", MainHandler),
    (r"/login", LoginHandler),
], **settings)
 
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(8888)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

基于签名Cookie实现用户验证-Demo：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
 
class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
 
    def get_current_user(self):
        return self.get_secure_cookie("login_user")
 
class MainHandler(BaseHandler):
 
    @tornado.web.authenticated
    def get(self):
        login_user = self.current_user
        self.write(login_user)
 
 
 
class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.current_user()
 
        self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''})
 
    def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
 
        username = self.get_argument('name')
        password = self.get_argument('pwd')
        if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123':
            self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', '武沛齐')
            self.redirect('/')
        else:
            self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用户名或密码错误'})
 
settings = {
    'template_path': 'template',
    'static_path': 'static',
    'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
    'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh',
    'login_url': '/login'
}
 
application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/index", MainHandler),
    (r"/login", LoginHandler),
], **settings)
 
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(8888)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

3、JavaScript操作Cookie

由于Cookie保存在浏览器端，所以在浏览器端也可以使用JavaScript来操作Cookie。

/*
设置cookie，指定秒数过期
 */
function setCookie(name,value,expires){
    var temp = [];
    var current_date = new Date();
    current_date.setSeconds(current_date.getSeconds() + 5);
    document.cookie = name + "= "+ value +";expires=" + current_date.toUTCString();
}

对于参数：

domain 指定域名下的cookie
path 域名下指定url中的cookie
secure https使用

注：jQuery中也有指定的插件 jQuery Cookie 专门用于操作cookie，猛击这里

六、CSRF

Tornado中的夸张请求伪造和Django中的相似，跨站伪造请求(Cross-site request forgery)

配置：

settings = {
    "xsrf_cookies": True,
}
application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/", MainHandler),
    (r"/login", LoginHandler),
], **settings)

使用 - 普通表单：

<form action="/new_message" method="post">
  {{ xsrf_form_html() }}
  <input type="text" name="message"/>
  <input type="submit" value="Post"/>
</form>

使用 - AJAX：

function getCookie(name) {
    var r = document.cookie.match("\b" + name + "=([^;]*)\b");
    return r ? r[1] : undefined;
}

jQuery.postJSON = function(url, args, callback) {
    args._xsrf = getCookie("_xsrf");
    $.ajax({url: url, data: $.param(args), dataType: "text", type: "POST",
        success: function(response) {
        callback(eval("(" + response + ")"));
    }});
};

Ajax使用时，本质上就是去获取本地的cookie，携带cookie再来发送请求

七、上传文件

1、Form表单上传

html:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
    <title>上传文件</title>
</head>
<body>
    <form id="my_form" name="form" action="/index" method="POST"  enctype="multipart/form-data" >
        <input name="fff" id="my_file"  type="file" />
        <input type="submit" value="提交"  />
    </form>
</body>
</html>

python:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web


class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):

        self.render('index.html')

    def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
        file_metas = self.request.files["fff"]
        # print(file_metas)
        for meta in file_metas:
            file_name = meta['filename']
            with open(file_name,'wb') as up:
                up.write(meta['body'])

settings = {
    'template_path': 'template',
}

application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(8000)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

2、AJAX上传

 1 <!DOCTYPE html>
 2 <html>
 3 <head lang="en">
 4     <meta charset="UTF-8">
 5     <title></title>
 6 </head>
 7 <body>
 8     <input type="file" id="img" />
 9     <input type="button" onclick="UploadFile();" />
10     <script>
11         function UploadFile(){
12             var fileObj = document.getElementById("img").files[0];
13 
14             var form = new FormData();
15             form.append("k1", "v1");
16             form.append("fff", fileObj);
17 
18             var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
19             xhr.open("post", '/index', true);
20             xhr.send(form);
21         }
22     </script>
23 </body>
24 </html>
25 
26 HTML - XMLHttpRequest

HTML - XMLHttpRequest

 1 <!DOCTYPE html>
 2 <html>
 3 <head lang="en">
 4     <meta charset="UTF-8">
 5     <title></title>
 6 </head>
 7 <body>
 8     <input type="file" id="img" />
 9     <input type="button" onclick="UploadFile();" />
10     <script>
11         function UploadFile(){
12             var fileObj = $("#img")[0].files[0];
13             var form = new FormData();
14             form.append("k1", "v1");
15             form.append("fff", fileObj);
16 
17             $.ajax({
18                 type:'POST',
19                 url: '/index',
20                 data: form,
21                 processData: false,  // tell jQuery not to process the data
22                 contentType: false,  // tell jQuery not to set contentType
23                 success: function(arg){
24                     console.log(arg);
25                 }
26             })
27         }
28     </script>
29 </body>
30 </html>
31 
32 HTML - jQuery

HTML - jQuery

 1 <!DOCTYPE html>
 2 <html>
 3 <head lang="en">
 4     <meta charset="UTF-8">
 5     <title></title>
 6 </head>
 7 <body>
 8     <form id="my_form" name="form" action="/index" method="POST"  enctype="multipart/form-data" >
 9         <div id="main">
10             <input name="fff" id="my_file"  type="file" />
11             <input type="button" name="action" value="Upload" onclick="redirect()"/>
12             <iframe id='my_iframe' name='my_iframe' src=""  class="hide"></iframe>
13         </div>
14     </form>
15 
16     <script>
17         function redirect(){
18             document.getElementById('my_iframe').onload = Testt;
19             document.getElementById('my_form').target = 'my_iframe';
20             document.getElementById('my_form').submit();
21 
22         }
23         
24         function Testt(ths){
25             var t = $("#my_iframe").contents().find("body").text();
26             console.log(t);
27         }
28     </script>
29 </body>
30 </html>
31 
32 HTML - iframe

HTML - iframe

 1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 3 
 4 import tornado.ioloop
 5 import tornado.web
 6 
 7 
 8 class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
 9     def get(self):
10 
11         self.render('index.html')
12 
13     def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
14         file_metas = self.request.files["fff"]
15         # print(file_metas)
16         for meta in file_metas:
17             file_name = meta['filename']
18             with open(file_name,'wb') as up:
19                 up.write(meta['body'])
20 
21 settings = {
22     'template_path': 'template',
23 }
24 
25 application = tornado.web.Application([
26     (r"/index", MainHandler),
27 ], **settings)
28 
29 
30 if __name__ == "__main__":
31     application.listen(8000)
32     tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
33 
34 Python

Python

 1 <script type="text/javascript">
 2  
 3     $(document).ready(function () {
 4  
 5         $("#formsubmit").click(function () {
 6  
 7             var iframe = $('<iframe name="postiframe" id="postiframe" style="display: none"></iframe>');
 8  
 9             $("body").append(iframe);
10  
11             var form = $('#theuploadform');
12             form.attr("action", "/upload.aspx");
13             form.attr("method", "post");
14  
15             form.attr("encoding", "multipart/form-data");
16             form.attr("enctype", "multipart/form-data");
17  
18             form.attr("target", "postiframe");
19             form.attr("file", $('#userfile').val());
20             form.submit();
21  
22             $("#postiframe").load(function () {
23                 iframeContents = this.contentWindow.document.body.innerHTML;
24                 $("#textarea").html(iframeContents);
25             });
26  
27             return false;
28  
29         });
30  
31     });
32  
33 </script>
34  
35  
36 <form id="theuploadform">
37     <input id="userfile" name="userfile" size="50" type="file" />
38     <input id="formsubmit" type="submit" value="Send File" />
39 </form>
40  
41 <div id="textarea">
42 </div>
43 
44 扩展：基于iframe实现Ajax上传示例

扩展：基于iframe实现Ajax上传示例

八、验证码

验证码原理在于后台自动创建一张带有随机内容的图片，然后将内容通过img标签输出到页面。

安装图像处理模块：

pip3 install pillow

示例截图：

验证码Demo源码下载：猛击这里

自定义Web组件

一、Session

1、面向对象基础

面向对象中通过索引的方式访问对象，需要内部实现 __getitem__ 、__delitem__、__setitem__方法

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
   
class Foo(object):
   
    def __getitem__(self, key):
        print  '__getitem__',key
   
    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        print '__setitem__',key,value
   
    def __delitem__(self, key):
        print '__delitem__',key
   
   
   
obj = Foo()
result = obj['k1']
#obj['k2'] = 'zhangsan'
#del obj['k1']

2、Tornado扩展

Tornado框架中，默认执行Handler的get/post等方法之前默认会执行 initialize方法，所以可以通过自定义的方式使得所有请求在处理前执行操作...

class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
   
    def initialize(self):
        self.xxoo = "wupeiqi"
   
   
class MainHandler(BaseHandler):
   
    def get(self):
        print(self.xxoo)
        self.write('index')
 
class IndexHandler(BaseHandler):
   
    def get(self):
        print(self.xxoo)
        self.write('index')

3、session

session其实就是定义在服务器端用于保存用户回话的容器，其必须依赖cookie才能实现。

 1 #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 3   
 4 import tornado.ioloop
 5 import tornado.web
 6 from hashlib import sha1
 7 import os, time
 8   
 9 session_container = {}
10   
11 create_session_id = lambda: sha1('%s%s' % (os.urandom(16), time.time())).hexdigest()
12   
13   
14 class Session(object):
15   
16     session_id = "__sessionId__"
17   
18     def __init__(self, request):
19         session_value = request.get_cookie(Session.session_id)
20         if not session_value:
21             self._id = create_session_id()
22         else:
23             self._id = session_value
24         request.set_cookie(Session.session_id, self._id)
25   
26     def __getitem__(self, key):
27         return session_container[self._id][key]
28   
29     def __setitem__(self, key, value):
30         if session_container.has_key(self._id):
31             session_container[self._id][key] = value
32         else:
33             session_container[self._id] = {key: value}
34   
35     def __delitem__(self, key):
36         del session_container[self._id][key]
37   
38   
39 class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
40   
41     def initialize(self):
42         # my_session['k1']访问 __getitem__ 方法
43         self.my_session = Session(self)
44   
45   
46 class MainHandler(BaseHandler):
47   
48     def get(self):
49         print self.my_session['c_user']
50         print self.my_session['c_card']
51         self.write('index')
52   
53 class LoginHandler(BaseHandler):
54   
55     def get(self):
56         self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''})
57   
58     def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
59   
60         username = self.get_argument('name')
61         password = self.get_argument('pwd')
62         if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123':
63   
64             self.my_session['c_user'] = 'wupeiqi'
65             self.my_session['c_card'] = '12312312309823012'
66   
67             self.redirect('/index')
68         else:
69             self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用户名或密码错误'})
70   
71 settings = {
72     'template_path': 'template',
73     'static_path': 'static',
74     'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
75     'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh',
76     'login_url': '/login'
77 }
78   
79 application = tornado.web.Application([
80     (r"/index", MainHandler),
81     (r"/login", LoginHandler),
82 ], **settings)
83   
84   
85 if __name__ == "__main__":
86     application.listen(8888)
87     tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
88 
89 自定义Session

自定义Session

4、分布式Session

  1 #!/usr/bin/env python
  2 #coding:utf-8
  3 
  4 import sys
  5 import math
  6 from bisect import bisect
  7 
  8 
  9 if sys.version_info >= (2, 5):
 10     import hashlib
 11     md5_constructor = hashlib.md5
 12 else:
 13     import md5
 14     md5_constructor = md5.new
 15 
 16 
 17 class HashRing(object):
 18     """一致性哈希"""
 19     
 20     def __init__(self,nodes):
 21         '''初始化
 22         nodes : 初始化的节点，其中包含节点已经节点对应的权重
 23                 默认每一个节点有32个虚拟节点
 24                 对于权重，通过多创建虚拟节点来实现
 25                 如：nodes = [
 26                         {'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1},
 27                         {'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2},
 28                         {'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1},
 29                     ]
 30         '''
 31         
 32         self.ring = dict()
 33         self._sorted_keys = []
 34 
 35         self.total_weight = 0
 36         
 37         self.__generate_circle(nodes)
 38         
 39             
 40             
 41     def __generate_circle(self,nodes):
 42         for node_info in nodes:
 43             self.total_weight += node_info.get('weight',1)
 44             
 45         for node_info in nodes:
 46             weight = node_info.get('weight',1)
 47             node = node_info.get('host',None)
 48                 
 49             virtual_node_count = math.floor((32*len(nodes)*weight) / self.total_weight)
 50             for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)):
 51                 key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( '%s-%s' % (node, i) )
 52                 if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key):
 53                     raise Exception('该节点已经存在.')
 54                 self.ring[key] = node
 55                 self._sorted_keys.append(key)
 56             
 57     def add_node(self,node):
 58         ''' 新建节点
 59         node : 要添加的节点，格式为：{'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1}，其中第一个元素表示节点，第二个元素表示该节点的权重。
 60         '''
 61         node = node.get('host',None)
 62         if not node:
 63                 raise Exception('节点的地址不能为空.')
 64                 
 65         weight = node.get('weight',1)
 66         
 67         self.total_weight += weight
 68         nodes_count = len(self._sorted_keys) + 1
 69         
 70         virtual_node_count = math.floor((32 * nodes_count * weight) / self.total_weight)
 71         for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)):
 72             key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( '%s-%s' % (node, i) )
 73             if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key):
 74                 raise Exception('该节点已经存在.')
 75             self.ring[key] = node
 76             self._sorted_keys.append(key)
 77         
 78     def remove_node(self,node):
 79         ''' 移除节点
 80         node : 要移除的节点 '127.0.0.1:8000'
 81         '''
 82         for key,value in self.ring.items():
 83             if value == node:
 84                 del self.ring[key]
 85                 self._sorted_keys.remove(key)
 86     
 87     def get_node(self,string_key):
 88         '''获取 string_key 所在的节点'''
 89         pos = self.get_node_pos(string_key)
 90         if pos is None:
 91             return None
 92         return self.ring[ self._sorted_keys[pos]].split(':')
 93     
 94     def get_node_pos(self,string_key):
 95         '''获取 string_key 所在的节点的索引'''
 96         if not self.ring:
 97             return None
 98             
 99         key = self.gen_key_thirty_two(string_key)
100         nodes = self._sorted_keys
101         pos = bisect(nodes, key)
102         return pos
103     
104     def gen_key_thirty_two(self, key):
105         
106         m = md5_constructor()
107         m.update(key)
108         return long(m.hexdigest(), 16)
109         
110     def gen_key_sixteen(self,key):
111         
112         b_key = self.__hash_digest(key)
113         return self.__hash_val(b_key, lambda x: x)
114 
115     def __hash_val(self, b_key, entry_fn):
116         return (( b_key[entry_fn(3)] << 24)|(b_key[entry_fn(2)] << 16)|(b_key[entry_fn(1)] << 8)| b_key[entry_fn(0)] )
117 
118     def __hash_digest(self, key):
119         m = md5_constructor()
120         m.update(key)
121         return map(ord, m.digest())
122 
123 
124 """
125 nodes = [
126     {'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1},
127     {'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2},
128     {'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1},
129 ]
130 
131 ring = HashRing(nodes)
132 result = ring.get_node('98708798709870987098709879087')
133 print result
134 
135 """
136 
137 一致性哈西

一致性哈西

 1 from hashlib import sha1
 2 import os, time
 3 
 4 
 5 create_session_id = lambda: sha1('%s%s' % (os.urandom(16), time.time())).hexdigest()
 6 
 7 
 8 class Session(object):
 9 
10     session_id = "__sessionId__"
11 
12     def __init__(self, request):
13         session_value = request.get_cookie(Session.session_id)
14         if not session_value:
15             self._id = create_session_id()
16         else:
17             self._id = session_value
18         request.set_cookie(Session.session_id, self._id)
19 
20     def __getitem__(self, key):
21         # 根据 self._id ，在一致性哈西中找到其对应的服务器IP
22         # 找到相对应的redis服务器，如： r = redis.StrictRedis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)
23         # 使用python redis api 链接
24         # 获取数据，即：
25         # return self._redis.hget(self._id, name)
26 
27     def __setitem__(self, key, value):
28         # 根据 self._id ，在一致性哈西中找到其对应的服务器IP
29         # 使用python redis api 链接
30         # 设置session
31         # self._redis.hset(self._id, name, value)
32 
33 
34     def __delitem__(self, key):
35         # 根据 self._id 找到相对应的redis服务器
36         # 使用python redis api 链接
37         # 删除，即：
38         return self._redis.hdel(self._id, name)
39 
40 session

session

二、表单验证

在Web程序中往往包含大量的表单验证的工作，如：判断输入是否为空，是否符合规则。

html:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
    <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body>
    <h1>hello</h1>
    <form action="/index" method="post">

        <p>hostname: <input type="text" name="host" /> </p>
        <p>ip: <input type="text" name="ip" /> </p>
        <p>port: <input type="text" name="port" /> </p>
        <p>phone: <input type="text" name="phone" /> </p>
        <input type="submit" />
    </form>
</body>
</html>

python:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
  
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
from hashlib import sha1
import os, time
import re
  
  
class MainForm(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.host = "(.*)"
        self.ip = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]d|[0-1]?d?d)(.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]d|[0-1]?d?d)){3}$"
        self.port = '(d+)'
        self.phone = '^1[3|4|5|8][0-9]d{8}$'
  
    def check_valid(self, request):
        form_dict = self.__dict__
        for key, regular in form_dict.items():
            post_value = request.get_argument(key)
            # 让提交的数据 和 定义的正则表达式进行匹配
            ret = re.match(regular, post_value)
            print key,ret,post_value
  
  
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.render('index.html')
    def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
        obj = MainForm()
        result = obj.check_valid(self)
        self.write('ok')
  
  
  
settings = {
    'template_path': 'template',
    'static_path': 'static',
    'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
    'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh',
    'login_url': '/login'
}
  
application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)
  
  
if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(8888)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

由于验证规则可以代码重用，所以可以如此定义：

  1 #!/usr/bin/env python
  2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
  3 
  4 import tornado.ioloop
  5 import tornado.web
  6 import re
  7 
  8 
  9 class Field(object):
 10 
 11     def __init__(self, error_msg_dict, required):
 12         self.id_valid = False
 13         self.value = None
 14         self.error = None
 15         self.name = None
 16         self.error_msg = error_msg_dict
 17         self.required = required
 18 
 19     def match(self, name, value):
 20         self.name = name
 21 
 22         if not self.required:
 23             self.id_valid = True
 24             self.value = value
 25         else:
 26             if not value:
 27                 if self.error_msg.get('required', None):
 28                     self.error = self.error_msg['required']
 29                 else:
 30                     self.error = "%s is required" % name
 31             else:
 32                 ret = re.match(self.REGULAR, value)
 33                 if ret:
 34                     self.id_valid = True
 35                     self.value = ret.group()
 36                 else:
 37                     if self.error_msg.get('valid', None):
 38                         self.error = self.error_msg['valid']
 39                     else:
 40                         self.error = "%s is invalid" % name
 41 
 42 
 43 class IPField(Field):
 44     REGULAR = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]d|[0-1]?d?d)(.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]d|[0-1]?d?d)){3}$"
 45 
 46     def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):
 47 
 48         error_msg = {}  # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'}
 49         if error_msg_dict:
 50             error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)
 51 
 52         super(IPField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)
 53 
 54 
 55 class IntegerField(Field):
 56     REGULAR = "^d+$"
 57 
 58     def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):
 59         error_msg = {'required': '数字不能为空', 'valid': '数字格式错误'}
 60         if error_msg_dict:
 61             error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)
 62 
 63         super(IntegerField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)
 64 
 65 
 66 class CheckBoxField(Field):
 67 
 68     def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):
 69         error_msg = {}  # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'}
 70         if error_msg_dict:
 71             error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)
 72 
 73         super(CheckBoxField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)
 74 
 75     def match(self, name, value):
 76         self.name = name
 77 
 78         if not self.required:
 79             self.id_valid = True
 80             self.value = value
 81         else:
 82             if not value:
 83                 if self.error_msg.get('required', None):
 84                     self.error = self.error_msg['required']
 85                 else:
 86                     self.error = "%s is required" % name
 87             else:
 88                 if isinstance(name, list):
 89                     self.id_valid = True
 90                     self.value = value
 91                 else:
 92                     if self.error_msg.get('valid', None):
 93                         self.error = self.error_msg['valid']
 94                     else:
 95                         self.error = "%s is invalid" % name
 96 
 97 
 98 class FileField(Field):
 99     REGULAR = "^(w+.pdf)|(w+.mp3)|(w+.py)$"
100 
101     def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):
102         error_msg = {}  # {'required': '数字不能为空', 'valid': '数字格式错误'}
103         if error_msg_dict:
104             error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)
105 
106         super(FileField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)
107 
108     def match(self, name, value):
109         self.name = name
110         self.value = []
111         if not self.required:
112             self.id_valid = True
113             self.value = value
114         else:
115             if not value:
116                 if self.error_msg.get('required', None):
117                     self.error = self.error_msg['required']
118                 else:
119                     self.error = "%s is required" % name
120             else:
121                 m = re.compile(self.REGULAR)
122                 if isinstance(value, list):
123                     for file_name in value:
124                         r = m.match(file_name)
125                         if r:
126                             self.value.append(r.group())
127                             self.id_valid = True
128                         else:
129                             self.id_valid = False
130                             if self.error_msg.get('valid', None):
131                                 self.error = self.error_msg['valid']
132                             else:
133                                 self.error = "%s is invalid" % name
134                             break
135                 else:
136                     if self.error_msg.get('valid', None):
137                         self.error = self.error_msg['valid']
138                     else:
139                         self.error = "%s is invalid" % name
140 
141     def save(self, request, upload_path=""):
142 
143         file_metas = request.files[self.name]
144         for meta in file_metas:
145             file_name = meta['filename']
146             with open(file_name,'wb') as up:
147                 up.write(meta['body'])
148 
149 
150 class Form(object):
151 
152     def __init__(self):
153         self.value_dict = {}
154         self.error_dict = {}
155         self.valid_status = True
156 
157     def validate(self, request, depth=10, pre_key=""):
158 
159         self.initialize()
160         self.__valid(self, request, depth, pre_key)
161 
162     def initialize(self):
163         pass
164 
165     def __valid(self, form_obj, request, depth, pre_key):
166         """
167         验证用户表单请求的数据
168         :param form_obj: Form对象（Form派生类的对象）
169         :param request: Http请求上下文（用于从请求中获取用户提交的值）
170         :param depth: 对Form内容的深度的支持
171         :param pre_key: Html中name属性值的前缀（多层Form时，内部递归时设置，无需理会）
172         :return: 是否验证通过，True：验证成功；False：验证失败
173         """
174 
175         depth -= 1
176         if depth < 0:
177             return None
178         form_field_dict = form_obj.__dict__
179         for key, field_obj in form_field_dict.items():
180             print key,field_obj
181             if isinstance(field_obj, Form) or isinstance(field_obj, Field):
182                 if isinstance(field_obj, Form):
183                     # 获取以key开头的所有的值，以参数的形式传至
184                     self.__valid(field_obj, request, depth, key)
185                     continue
186                 if pre_key:
187                     key = "%s.%s" % (pre_key, key)
188 
189                 if isinstance(field_obj, CheckBoxField):
190                     post_value = request.get_arguments(key, None)
191                 elif isinstance(field_obj, FileField):
192                     post_value = []
193                     file_list = request.request.files.get(key, None)
194                     for file_item in file_list:
195                         post_value.append(file_item['filename'])
196                 else:
197                     post_value = request.get_argument(key, None)
198 
199                 print post_value
200                 # 让提交的数据 和 定义的正则表达式进行匹配
201                 field_obj.match(key, post_value)
202                 if field_obj.id_valid:
203                     self.value_dict[key] = field_obj.value
204                 else:
205                     self.error_dict[key] = field_obj.error
206                     self.valid_status = False
207 
208 
209 class ListForm(object):
210     def __init__(self, form_type):
211         self.form_type = form_type
212         self.valid_status = True
213         self.value_dict = {}
214         self.error_dict = {}
215 
216     def validate(self, request):
217         name_list = request.request.arguments.keys() + request.request.files.keys()
218         index = 0
219         flag = False
220         while True:
221             pre_key = "[%d]" % index
222             for name in name_list:
223                 if name.startswith(pre_key):
224                     flag = True
225                     break
226             if flag:
227                 form_obj = self.form_type()
228                 form_obj.validate(request, depth=10, pre_key="[%d]" % index)
229                 if form_obj.valid_status:
230                     self.value_dict[index] = form_obj.value_dict
231                 else:
232                     self.error_dict[index] = form_obj.error_dict
233                     self.valid_status = False
234             else:
235                 break
236 
237             index += 1
238             flag = False
239 
240 
241 class MainForm(Form):
242 
243     def __init__(self):
244         # self.ip = IPField(required=True)
245         # self.port = IntegerField(required=True)
246         # self.new_ip = IPField(required=True)
247         # self.second = SecondForm()
248         self.fff = FileField(required=True)
249         super(MainForm, self).__init__()
250 
251 #
252 # class SecondForm(Form):
253 #
254 #     def __init__(self):
255 #         self.ip = IPField(required=True)
256 #         self.new_ip = IPField(required=True)
257 #
258 #         super(SecondForm, self).__init__()
259 
260 
261 class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
262     def get(self):
263         self.render('index.html')
264     def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
265         # for i in  dir(self.request):
266         #     print i
267         # print self.request.arguments
268         # print self.request.files
269         # print self.request.query
270         # name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys()
271         # print name_list
272 
273         # list_form = ListForm(MainForm)
274         # list_form.validate(self)
275         #
276         # print list_form.valid_status
277         # print list_form.value_dict
278         # print list_form.error_dict
279 
280         # obj = MainForm()
281         # obj.validate(self)
282         #
283         # print "验证结果：", obj.valid_status
284         # print "符合验证结果：", obj.value_dict
285         # print "错误信息:"
286         # for key, item in obj.error_dict.items():
287         #     print key,item
288         # print self.get_arguments('favor'),type(self.get_arguments('favor'))
289         # print self.get_argument('favor'),type(self.get_argument('favor'))
290         # print type(self.get_argument('fff')),self.get_argument('fff')
291         # print self.request.files
292         # obj = MainForm()
293         # obj.validate(self)
294         # print obj.valid_status
295         # print obj.value_dict
296         # print obj.error_dict
297         # print self.request,type(self.request)
298         # obj.fff.save(self.request)
299         # from tornado.httputil import HTTPServerRequest
300         # name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys()
301         # print name_list
302         # print self.request.files,type(self.request.files)
303         # print len(self.request.files.get('fff'))
304         
305         # obj = MainForm()
306         # obj.validate(self)
307         # print obj.valid_status
308         # print obj.value_dict
309         # print obj.error_dict
310         # obj.fff.save(self.request)
311         self.write('ok')
312 
313 
314 
315 settings = {
316     'template_path': 'template',
317     'static_path': 'static',
318     'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
319     'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh',
320     'login_url': '/login'
321 }
322 
323 application = tornado.web.Application([
324     (r"/index", MainHandler),
325 ], **settings)
326 
327 
328 if __name__ == "__main__":
329     application.listen(8888)
330     tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

表单验证