126. 单词接龙 II
给定两个单词（beginWord 和 endWord）和一个字典 wordList，找出所有从 beginWord 到 endWord 的最短转换序列。转换需遵循如下规则：
每次转换只能改变一个字母。
转换过程中的中间单词必须是字典中的单词。
说明:
如果不存在这样的转换序列，返回一个空列表。
所有单词具有相同的长度。
所有单词只由小写字母组成。
字典中不存在重复的单词。
你可以假设 beginWord 和 endWord 是非空的，且二者不相同。
示例 1:
输入:
beginWord = "hit",
endWord = "cog",
wordList = ["hot","dot","dog","lot","log","cog"]
输出:
[
["hit","hot","dot","dog","cog"],
["hit","hot","lot","log","cog"]
]
示例 2:
输入:
beginWord = "hit"
endWord = "cog"
wordList = ["hot","dot","dog","lot","log"]
输出: []
解释: endWord “cog” 不在字典中，所以不存在符合要求的转换序列。
class Solution {
public List<List<String>> findLadders(String beginWord, String endWord, List<String> wordList) {
//结果
List<List<String>> res = new ArrayList<>();
if(wordList == null) return res;
//bfs搜索所用的字典
Set<String> dicts = new HashSet<>(wordList);
if(!dicts.contains(endWord)) return res;
if(dicts.contains(beginWord)) dicts.remove(beginWord);
//bfs搜索最短路径所用的开始和结束的字典
Set<String> endList = new HashSet<>(),
beginList = new HashSet<>();
//每个点所对应的邻接点，list
Map<String, List<String>> map = new HashMap<>();
beginList.add(beginWord);
endList.add(endWord);
bfs(map, beginList, endList, beginWord, endWord,dicts, false);
//dfs的前进路线保存list
List<String> subList = new ArrayList<>();
subList.add(beginWord);
dfs(map, res, subList, beginWord, endWord);
return res;
}
void dfs (Map<String, List<String>> map,
List<List<String>> result, List<String> subList,
String beginWord, String endWord) {
if(beginWord.equals(endWord)) {
result.add(new ArrayList<>(subList));
return;
}
if (!map.containsKey(beginWord)) {
return;
}
for (String word : map.get(beginWord)) {
subList.add(word);
dfs(map, result, subList, word, endWord);
subList.remove(subList.size() - 1);
}
}
//reverse是双端bfs的一个优化
void bfs(Map<String, List<String>> map, Set<String> beginList, Set<String> endList, String beginWord, String endWord,Set<String> wordList, boolean reverse){
if(beginList.size() == 0) return;
wordList.removeAll(beginList);
boolean finish = false;
Set<String> temp = new HashSet<>();
for(String str : beginList){
char[] charr = str.toCharArray();
for(int chI = 0; chI < charr.length; chI++){
char old = charr[chI];
for(char ch = 'a'; ch <= 'z'; ch++){
if(ch == old)
continue;
charr[chI] = ch;
String newstr = new String(charr);
if(!wordList.contains(newstr)){
continue;
}
//若是在某一层找到了最后的节点，就直接标记找到了，即一票决定。这里因为要找所有的最短路径，所以循环还是要继续的。
if(endList.contains(newstr)){
finish = true;
}else{
temp.add(newstr);
}
//无论怎么变换方向，永远用开始方向的字符做key，是为了后面的dfs，单一方向搜索
String key = reverse? newstr:str;
String value = reverse ? str : newstr;
if(!map.containsKey(key)){
map.put(key, new ArrayList<>());
}
map.get(key).add(value);
}
charr[chI] = old;
}
}
if(!finish) {
if(temp.size() > endList.size()){
bfs(map, endList, temp, beginWord, endWord,wordList, !reverse);
}else{
bfs(map, temp, endList, beginWord, endWord, wordList, reverse);
}
}
}
}